Unit Two: Evolution

Question 0

Theory of Acquired Characteristics

Answer 0

Lamarck says a species adapts to their environment and those traits are passed down

Question 1

Catastrophism

Answer 1

Cuvier says catastrophes caused evolution

Question 2

Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection was discovered by whom?

Answer 2

Darwin

Question 3

How did Lyell influence Darwin?

Answer 3

Evidence that the earth is very old

Question 4

How did Malthus influence Darwin?

Answer 4

Shortage of resources leads to a struggle for survival

Question 5

How did Wallace influence Darwin?

Answer 5

Proposed similar ideas, so Darwin published “On Origin of Species” in 1859

Question 6

What influenced Darwin on his theory of natural selection?

Answer 6

Lyell
Malthus
Wallace
Artificial Selection

Question 7

What is required for natural selection?

Answer 7

Variation
Struggle for survival
Survival of the fittest pass genes to their offspring
Adaptation

Question 8

Macro evolution

Answer 8

Descent with modification from common ancestry

Question 9

What is evidence of macro evolution?

Answer 9

Fossil recording
Molecular record (genetics)
Homology
Embryology 
Vestigial structures
Parallel adaptation 
Biogeography (adaptions to their environment)

Question 10

Homologous structure

Answer 10

Structures with different functions, but similar structures

Question 11

Analogous structure

Answer 11

Structures with different structures, but similar functions

Question 12

Vestigial structure

Answer 12

Structure with no function today, but had a function in the past

Question 13

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 13

Rapid change followed by long periods of stability

Question 14

Gradualism

Answer 14

Constant gradual change

Question 15

Micro evolution

Answer 15

Changes in allele frequencies over time within a population

Question 16

How does micro evolution relate to macro evolution?

Answer 16

Micro evolution leads to macro evolution.

Question 17

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 17

Measures allele and genotype frequencies

Question 18

Allele frequencies equation

Answer 18

p+q=1

Question 19

Genotype frequencies equation

Answer 19

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Question 20

Dominate allele variable

Answer 20

P

Question 21

Recessive allele variable

Answer 21

Q

Question 22

Homozygous dominant allele variable

Answer 22

p^2

Question 23

Heterozygous genotype variable

Answer 23

2pq

Question 24

Homozygous recessive genotype variable

Answer 24

q^2

Question 25

What conditions need to met for a population to be in H-W equilibrium?

Answer 25

``` No mutation No genetic drift No non-random mating No natural selection No artificial selection ```

Question 26

Genetic drift

Answer 26

Due to chance or events in a population

Question 27

Founder effect

Answer 27

Rare alleles enhanced a small population or chance of events

Question 28

Heterozygote advantage

Answer 28

Maintenance of genetic variation

Question 29

Directional selection

Answer 29

Favors one extreme

Question 30

Disruptive selection

Answer 30

Favors two extremes

Question 31

Stabilizing selection

Answer 31

Favors the average

Question 32

Species

Answer 32

Organisms that can produce fertile offspring

Question 33

Niche

Answer 33

An organisms role in its environment

Question 34

Intergrade

Answer 34

Results from two subspecies breeding

Question 35

Hybrid

Answer 35

Results from two species breeding

Question 36

Race

Answer 36

Intermediate stages in evolution

Question 37

Speciation

Answer 37

Formation of a new species

Question 38

Allopatric speciation

Answer 38

Two groups separated by a barrier (more common)

Question 39

Sympatric speciation

Answer 39

Two groups share a homeland

Question 40

Pre-zygotic mechanisms

Answer 40

``` Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gamete isolation (prevention of gamete fusion) ```

Question 41

Post-zygotic mechanisms

Answer 41

Zygote morality Hybrid sterility F2 fitness (hybrid is fertile but has reduced fitness)

Question 42

Divergent Evolution

Answer 42

Species evolve to two new species over time

Question 43

Convergent evolution

Answer 43

Two species evolve to one species over time

Question 44

Parallel evolution

Answer 44

Two species evolve parallel to one another over time