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AP Biology > Unit Seven: Cell Structure And Function, Cell Transport, And Cell Communication > Flashcards

Unit Seven: Cell Structure And Function, Cell Transport, And Cell Communication Flashcards

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0
Q

How large are cells?

A

1 um to 5 cm

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1
Q

What basic structures are present on all cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Nuclear region
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

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2
Q

Why are cells surface to volume ratio important?

A

The bigger the ratio the harder it is to divide and small cells function more effectively

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3
Q

What are the domains of prokaryotes?

A

Archaea

Bacteria

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4
Q

What is included on the eukaryotic domain?

A

Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals

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5
Q

Theory of endosymbiosis

A

Organelles were once free living bacteria that were incorporated into a larger eukaryotic cell

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6
Q

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

A

Regulate movement of materials into and out of the cell and protect it from the outside environment

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7
Q

Phospholipids

A

Made of glycerol, phosphate (polar), and 2 fatty acid tails (non-polar) and a phospholipid via layer forms around the cell membrane

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8
Q

Integral proteins

A

Channel, carrier, cell recognition, receptor, and enzymatic proteins

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9
Q

Channel proteins

A

Allows molecules to pass through

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10
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Combine with a substance and help it pass through

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11
Q

Cell recognition proteins

A

Identify cell to surrounding cells

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12
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Bind to a molecule causing a change in cell activity

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13
Q

Enzymatic proteins

A

Catalyze cellular reactions

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14
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Singer and Nicholson suggested this to describe the ingredients and consistency of the plasma membrane. It is fluid because the individual components are loosely held together and there is latteral movement of the parts and mosaic because of th various components

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15
Q

Glycolipid and glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrate chains attached to protein or phospholipids to function adhesion, reception, and cell recognition

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16
Q

What can pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Water, small, non-charged molecules can pass freely

Large molecules need to be transported by vesicle formation

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

Not everything can pass through

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until solute and solvent are evenly distributed

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19
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Uses carrier proteins to move from high to low concentration until solute and solvent are eual

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules down a concentration across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration

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21
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure that develops in a system due to osmosis

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22
Q

Water potential

A

Move from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential and is directly proportional to the pressure on a system

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23
Q

Water potential equation

A

W=Wp+Ws

Water potential equals pressure potential plus solute potential

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24
Q

Wp

A

Usually 0

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25
Q

Ws

A

-iCRT (bars)

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26
Q

i

A

Ionization constant

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27
Q

C

A

Molar concentration

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28
Q

R

A

Pressure constant (0.0831 liters/mole of degrees Kelvin)

29
Q

T

A

Temperature degrees Kelvin (273+degrees Celsius of a solution)

30
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute concentration is the same inside and outside a membrane

31
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower concentration of solute causes turgor pressure

32
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of solute causes plasma lysis or the shrinking of a plant cell

33
Q

How will water always move?

A

From a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution

34
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient to concentrate molecules or to create a gradient. It requires a carrier protein.

35
Q

How does it result in a concentration for active transport?

A

Sodium or potassium pump nerve cell membranes

36
Q

How does a proton gradient result in active transport?

A

Electrical gradient and proton pump membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts

37
Q

Endocytosis

A

Takes in a substance

38
Q

Exocytosis

A

Eliminates waste

39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Takes in food particles and other cells

40
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Takes in liquid and small particles

41
Q

What does end, phago,pinco, and exocytosis all require?

A

ATP

42
Q

What are the type of junctions between cells?

A

Anchoring, tight, gap junctions, and plasmodedmata

43
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Attach cells to one another by adhesion junctions and desmosomes

44
Q

Tight junctions

A

Membrane proteins of adjacent cells attach to one another

45
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels between cells that allow for exchange of small molecules

46
Q

Plasmodedmata

A

Channels between plant cells

47
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of constant internal body conditions by using sensory receptors, integrators, and effectors

48
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Detects and reverses disturbances from normal levels. Disturbance triggers change which restores homeostasis

49
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

The maintenance of a disturbance for a specific purpose

50
Q

Excretory system

A

Maintains water and ion balance in the body (osmoregulation) and to excrete waste and maintain homeostasis

51
Q

What are the challenges of freshwater organisms with respect to water and ion balance?

A

They are hypertonic to the environment so they face challenges gaining water. The solution is active transport salt into cells in gills to produce diluted urinie

52
Q

What are the challenges of salt water organisms with respect to the water and ion concentration?

A

They are hypotonic to their environment so they lose water the solution is to drink water excrete salt through their gills

53
Q

What are the challenges of terrestrial organisms with respect to the ion and water balance?

A

They face problems getting rid of excess solutes and toxins without losing too much water

54
Q

What is the structure of the human excretory system?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption and secretion
Excretion

55
Q

Filtration

A

Blood pressure pushes small molecules out of capillaries through a semi-permeable membrane into the nephron

56
Q

Reabsorption

A

Removing the good things for the filtrate back into the blood

57
Q

Secretion

A

Moving potentially harmful substances from the blood into the filtrate or urinie

58
Q

Excretion

A

Waste is released

59
Q

How is water and salt balance maintained in the kidneys?

A

ADH increases reabsorption and decreases secretion from the posterior pituitary and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex stimulated reabsorption of sodium ions

60
Q

ADH in the kidneys

A

Released into the blood stream from pituitary gland

Triggers osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus is to increase osmolarity of the blood

Osmorectors promote thirst

Drinking reduces osmolarity of the blood, inhibits secretion

ADH binds to specific membrane receptors on a nephron

cAMP second messenger system is activated

Vesicles containing aquaporin channels fuse with cell membrane lining the lumen of the collecting tubule

Additional aquaporin channels increase the rate of water reabsorption by the collecting tubule

61
Q

What is the purpose of cell communication?

A

Multicellular organisms to carry out crucial functions and is evidence of common ancestry

62
Q

What is the difference between local and long distance signaling?

A

Local signaling is between adjacent cells while long distance is throughout the body

63
Q

Local signaling

A

Direct contact signal molecules pass between cells through cell junctions and contact between surface molecules. Messenger molecules local regulators travel short distances.

64
Q

Long distance signaling

A

Chemical or hormones go to target cells and electrochemical go to nervous systems

65
Q

3 steps of cell communication

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

66
Q

Membrane receptor vs intracellular receptor

A

Membrane receptor is embedded in the cells plasma membrane while an intracellular receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus of a target cell. They bind to a chemical signal for cell signaling. The intracellular receptor is used if chemical signal is non-polar can cross the membrane.

67
Q

What turns on and off transcription?

A

Hormone or receptor complex

68
Q

What are possible methods of transduction?

A

Binding of a chemical signal causing conformational change in the receptor which triggers activities inside. Can be one step or a series of steps involving relay molecules or proteins and or second messengers

69
Q

Possible response to cell communication

A

The cytoplasm likes open and close ion channel and change cells metabolism or in the nucleus transcription of a gene is turned on and off. The response to the same chemical can be different in different cells.

AP Biology (7 decks)

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