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Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) > Unit test 3 (Ch. 24-26) > Flashcards

Unit test 3 (Ch. 24-26) Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do species occur where they do?

organisms and their environment

A

1) ecological 2) evolutionary
interactions

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2
Q

what can organisms interact with in their environment?

A

abiotic and biotic factors

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3
Q

what’s an abiotic factor?

A

nonliving components (physical and chemical)

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4
Q

what is ecology?

A

scientific study of interactions

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5
Q

what are we studying in terms of interactions?

A

population interactions
community interactions
ecosystem interactions

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6
Q

what characteristics of a population are influenced by abiotic and biotic factors?

A

-distribution
-abundance
-demography

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7
Q

what does distribution mean in terms of characteristics in a population?

A

where an organism is found

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8
Q

what does abundance mean in terms of characteristics in population?

A

how dense its population is

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9
Q

what does demography mean in terms of characteristics in population?

A

its age structure

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10
Q

what is a population?

A

group of individuals of a signle species living in the same area at same time

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11
Q

in a population, what happens?

A

-individuals rely on the same resources
-likely to interact and breed with one another

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12
Q

how do we define a population?

A

**species concepts **help define individuals in a population

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13
Q

what is another process they use to define populations?

A

boundaries and range

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14
Q

what do we use first as ecologists? species concept or boundaries and range?

A

boundaries and range

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15
Q

how do we identify a populations range?

A

examining the extent of its habitat

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16
Q

what is the range of a species?

A

area where theyre found during its lifetime and includes areas where idviduals or communites may migrate or hibernate

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17
Q

what factors define the range of species?

A

-abiotic
-biotic
-positive and negative interactions

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18
Q

what are negative interactors?

A

-predators
-parasites
-disease
-competitors

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19
Q

what are positive interactors?

A

prey and food sources

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20
Q

what other factors determine range that aren’t listed in the previous question?

A

temp
water availability
salinity
sunlight
soil quality

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21
Q

how do we quantify populations in space?

A

once boundaries and range have been established, we can determine its size

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22
Q

what do we use to find the space in a population?

A

density and dispersion

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23
Q

what is the density of a population?

A

number of individuals in a population

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24
Q

what is the dispersion of a population?

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population

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25
Q

what causes a metapopulation in a heterogeneous landscape?

A

fluctuations in densities and influences migration patterns

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26
Q

what is a metapopulation?

A

group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level

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27
Q

what are the 3 dispersion types?

A

-clumped (starfish)
-uniform (penguins)
-random (dandilions)

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28
Q

what needs to be maintained between subpopulations for a metapopulation to exist?

A

gene flow

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29
Q

what may occur as gene flow between subpopulations?

A

allopatric and symmpatric speciation

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30
Q

what is demographics?

A

describes the vital statistics of a population over time

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31
Q

what is a life table?

A

age specific data of the survival and reproductive patterns of a population

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32
Q

what is a survivorship curve?

A

displays the proportion or numbers in an organism that’s still alive at each age

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33
Q

population dynamics is what?

A

population of all species have the potential to expand greatly when resources are abundant

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34
Q

does unlimited growth occur for long in nature?

A

no

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35
Q

what are the reasons unlimited growth does not occur for long in nature?

A

-resource availability
-access decreases as a population grows

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36
Q

how do we calculate change in a population size?

A

the change in (births and immigrants)-(deaths and emmigrants) over time

delta N/ delta t (t=time)

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37
Q

what happens when births exceed deaths and immigration exceeds emigration?

A

population growth!

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38
Q

what do you get when members who have access to abundant food and are free to reproduce at their physiological capacity?

A

exponential growth!

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39
Q

when exponential growth occurs what do we get from our formula delat N / delta t

A

rmax

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40
Q

what does the shape of the graph of exponential growth look like?

A

J shape

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41
Q

what does the J shape curve mean?

A

growth rate is constant but population is acumulating more new individuals over time

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42
Q

what are the factors that influence a population a sits density grows?

A

new types of interactions:
density dependent or denisty independent

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43
Q

what are density independent factors?

A

climate and human-related factors

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44
Q

how can populations stop growing if they have unlimited resources (rare in nature)?

A

if deaths and migration rates changes as density increases

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45
Q

how do density dependent processes affect death rates?

A

amount of resources available (food, water, nesting sites)

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46
Q

when resources run low in a population, what increases?

A

intraspecific competition

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47
Q

what is intraspecific competition?

A

type of interaction individuals in a population compete for limited resources

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48
Q

how do density dependent processes affect migration rates?

A

when density increases, the amount of resources decreases

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49
Q

since there isn’t enough resources in an area for the individuals and the competition is too intense, what does that lead to?

A

the individuals will risk leaving (emigrating) in order to find areas with more resources

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50
Q

so to sum up, what does density dependent factors have on migration rates?

A

high population density leads to a decrease in immigration and increase in emigration

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51
Q

how do density dependent processes affect death rates?

A

when density is increased, diseases can spread more too creating a threshold host density which can lead to a lot of deaths depending on the disease

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52
Q

what is logistical growth?

A

growth stops because resources arent unlimited and population reaches carrying capacity(K)

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53
Q

What is a community?

A

an association of populations of different species that live and interact in the same place at the same time

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54
Q

what is a metacommunity?

A

set of local communities that are linked by dispersal

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55
Q

how do we characterize community?

A

by examining the interactions between the organisms in it

56
Q

what is interspecific competition? (-/-)

A

strong competition can lead to competitive exclusion due to competition for particular resources

57
Q

what is gause’s law?

A

competitive exclusion principle means that 2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical

58
Q

how can coexistence occur?

A

when the overlap between niches is reduced

59
Q

what is a niche?

A

total of an organism’s use of the biotic and abiotic resources in it’s environment

60
Q

what’s an example of ecological niche?

A

birch trees grow in cool, moist habitats and their seedlings are not tolerant to low light conditions

61
Q

what is the range of conditions that allows a species to survive and reproduce?

A

fundamental niche

62
Q

how does a fundamnetal niched occur?

A

in the absence of competition

63
Q

what is the range of conditions under which a species actually occurs in natural communities?

A

a realized niche

64
Q

what’s an example of a realized niche?

A

2 barnacle species: Chthamalus and Balanus compete in the intertidal zone

Chthamalus are found on the higher part of the tidal rocks and balanus on the bottom part so when the tide washes the balanus away, the Chthamalus can spread into the formely occupied region. this makes it a realized niche

65
Q

how does a species survive competition?

A

resource partitioning

66
Q

what is resource partitioning?

A

differentiation of niches via natural selection

67
Q

what does resource partitioning enable?

A

species to coexist in a community

68
Q

how does competition cause character displacement?

A

natural selection

69
Q

since there is displacement in the characteristics in the species due to natural selection, what effect does it have on niches?

A

they occupy a different niche

70
Q

which causes more character displacement?

A

sympatric over allopatric conditions

71
Q

why does sympatric condition more often cause character displacement than allopatric?

A

allopatric conditions does no exhibit competition so no character displacement is necessary

72
Q

What is predation? (+/-)

A

carnivorous interaction where the predator kills and eats the prey

73
Q

what are feeding adaptations of predators?

A

claws
teeth
fangs
stingers and poison

74
Q

defensive adaptations of prey?

A

hiding
running
comouflage
poison

75
Q

what helps shape evolution via natural selection?

A

predator and prey interactions

76
Q

what are predator strategies?

A

chasing
comouflage
mimicry
all to avoid notice by prey

77
Q

what are prey strategies against predation?

A

fleeing
hiding
living in groups
mechanical defenses
special coloration
mimicry

78
Q

what is mimicry for predation strategies?

A

coloration, chemical signlas or sounds

79
Q

what is coloration in prey strategies?

A

aposematic coloration and cryptic coloration

80
Q

what is aposematic coloration?

A

provides warning to predators who will avoid bright coloration because it signifies chemical defenses

81
Q

what is cryptic coloration?

A

provides comouflage

82
Q

what is the mimicry of prey’s strategies?

A

bestesian mimicry
mullerian mimcry

83
Q

what is bastesian mimicry?

A

when a harmless species evolves to mimic an unpalatable or harmful species

84
Q

what is mullerian mimicry?

A

2 or more unpalatable species evolve to resemble eachother which is not a result of common ancestry

85
Q

if a species is not a result of common ancestor and shares common traits, what is that considered?

A

convergent evolution

86
Q

what is another prey strategy?

A

deimatic behavior

87
Q

what deimatic behavior?

A

occurs as prey make themsleves appear more dangerous via coloration, sound making itself larger or mimicry

Basically a form of bluffing

88
Q

what is an example of a deimatic behavior?

A

butterfly resembling the face of a snake

89
Q

what is herbivore (+/-)?

A

process whereby herbivore eats photosynthetic organisms, like plants or algae

90
Q

what has herbivore led to through evolution?

A

the plants gaining chemical defenses and spines through leaves

91
Q

what is symbiosis (+/-) (+/+) or (+/0)?

A

occur when 2 or more species live in direct and intimate contact with 1 another

92
Q

what are the 3 types of symbioses?

A

parasitism
mutualism
commensalism

93
Q

where is symbioses usually applied to?

A

on or in the largest of the organisms in the symbiosis

94
Q

what is parasitism (+/-)?

A

parasite derives its nourishment from its host and harmed in the process

95
Q

what is mutualism (+/+)?

A

interspecific interactions benefits both species

96
Q

what is commensalism (+/0)?

A

one species benefits and the other is not affected

97
Q

what characteristics of a community are commonly measured?

A

species composition
feeding relatioships
biodiversity

98
Q

what is species composition?

A

describes all organisms in a given community

99
Q

what are feeding relationships?

A

describe how energy is transferred in a community

100
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

describes the number of species and their relative abundance

101
Q

what is a trophic structure?

A

identifies the dynamics of a community based on the feeding relationships between organisms

102
Q

what is a food chain?

A

indetifies the transfer of food energy up a community’s trophic levels

103
Q

what does a food chain start with?

A

autotrophic organisms=primary producers

herbivores=primary consumer

carnivores=primary,secondary consumers

104
Q

food webs are composed of…?

A

multiple food chains and give ecologists a much better understanding of how species interact with eachother

105
Q

food webs describe the trophic interactions with arrows according to…?

A

who eats whom

106
Q

when an arrow points to an organisms, it is the direction of?

A

comsumption

107
Q

decomposers include?

A

bacteria and fungi which consume dead or dying organisms

108
Q

what controls abundance or biomass of a species trophic level?

A

bottom-up
Carnivores

herbivores

autotrophs

nutrient level

This increases productivity at higher trophic levels like carnivores

109
Q

if it’s top-bottom?

A

this model controls communit organization since predators limit prey populations

110
Q

what is a trophic cascade?

A

an event where a species occupying a trophic level is decimated(killed) and the biomass at all other levels is impacted

like a domino effect

111
Q

trophic cascade depends on whether its community organization is controlled bottom-up or top-bottom. what’s an example of this?

A

if it’s top-bottom food web, the predators on herbivores would increase the biomass of primary producers

112
Q

cascades in a top-bottom food web is dependent on what to create a bigger impact?

A

the level of supression like more predators–>more impact

113
Q

an example of the results of a density-mediated trophic cascade in top-bottom food web?

A

predators eat herbivores

herbivore population decreases

fewer herbivores eat primary producers

primary producers population increases

114
Q

an example of a trait mediated trophic cascade food web?

A

predator gets induces; phenotypic, behavior, morphological or physiological change of the herbivore

so.. predators appear

herbivores hide

fewer herbivores eat primary producers

115
Q

what is a dominant species?

A

the one with the most biomassor most abundant

116
Q

hat is a keystone species?

A

not the most abundant but exerts strong control on community structure

117
Q

what does biodiversity influence?

A

the nature of these interactions that help us identify the trophic ranks

118
Q

how do we measure biodiversity?

A

measuring species richness and measuring relative abundance

119
Q

what does measuring the richness provide?

A

the number of species present

120
Q

what does measuring the relative abundance provide?

A

the proportion that each species represents of all individuals in the community

121
Q

what is an example of biodiversity?

A

theres 2 forest communities…
both have the saem number of trees and contain 4 species (same species richness) but these species contain a difference in relative abundance

1 forest has 25% of each type of species
the other forest has 80% of 1 type of species and different percenatges for the rest

122
Q

how do we calculate the diversity ?

A

H= -(pAlnpA + pBlnpB + pClnpC)

A,B,C = species
p=relative abundance (%)

123
Q

what is productivity?

A

the rate of generation of biomass

124
Q

when biodiversity increases, what happens?

A

productivity increases

125
Q

what is the 1 mechanism that has been proposed to explain the positive biodiversity-productivity relationships?

A

niche partitioning

126
Q

niche and resource partitioning have the goal of?

A

reducing competition within a community since natural selection gave these species their own niches

127
Q

does stability increase with biodiversity?

A

yes

128
Q

what does stability refer to in a community?

A

temporal constancy and resistance to environmental change

129
Q

what are distrubances in a community?

A

storm
fire
flood
drought
human activity

all can change a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability

130
Q

what is a nonequilibrium model?

A

describes communities as constantly changing after a disturbance

131
Q

what are disturbances categorized by?

A

type
frequency and intensity

132
Q

what effects does the different disturbances have on communities?

A

intermediate disturbances= foster greater species diversity than low or high

high disturbances= cause too much environmental stress so species leave

low disturbances= never disrupt competitively-dominant species

133
Q

what is ecological succession?

A

transition in species composition in disturbed areas over ecological time

134
Q

what is primary succession?

A

begins in a lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

135
Q

what ecological processes will change over time and how will they change during primary succession?

A

-more niches will form
-more interspecific competition (interactions or competition for resources)
-migration of new species (more species diversity)
-increase biomass inneach trophic level

136
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

an existing community has been removed by a disturbance **while the soil is left intact. **

Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) (9 decks)

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