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Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) > Unit 1 test > Flashcards

Unit 1 test Flashcards

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1
Q

How many genetically different kinds of gametes can an individual with the following geneotype make?
AaBbCcDdEeFf

A

2^6=64

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2
Q

why do we use the formula 2^n to find how many different kinds of gametes they make?

A

because there are only 2 alleles for each gene

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3
Q

How do you find the probability of offspring with the following genotype: AABBCCddEE?
Parents: AABbCcddEE x AABbCcddEE

A

You do each separate genotype’s punett square and multiply all of the possible outcomes for that specific genotype
I.e: AA x AA
A. A
A AA. AA
A AA. AA
4/4 = 1 so 1 x other outcomes for (BBxCCxddxEE)

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4
Q

what is the chi square test?

A

find the probability that the difference between the observed and expected is due to chance alone

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5
Q

what is the chi square formula?

A

x^2 = sum[(obs.-exp.)^2 /exp.]

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6
Q

the bigger the chi square value, the…

A

bigger the deviation from the exp. value

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7
Q

degrees of freedom are…

A

the number of alternate outcomes compared to the exp.

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8
Q

what is the formual for degrees of freedom?

A

N-1
(N=number of outcomes)

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9
Q

what is the alpha-value in the chi square test?

A

threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis
E.g: alpha=0.05 means there is a 5% chance we reject our null hypothesis that is actually true

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10
Q

anything less than 0.05 means we…

A

consider the results significant
If the value is lower, we reject the null hypothesis

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11
Q

what is the p-value?

A

it’s what you look at on the critical values table for the chi square value once calculated.

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12
Q

what can you say about the conclusion of inheritance when the p-value you found on the critical value chart from your calculated chi square value is less than 0.005?

A

it’s less than** 0.05** so this means the genes show significant deviation from our expected results…
We reject our null hypothesis since something else is going on

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13
Q

where does your expected value come from in the chi square value?

A

when you perform a punett square from the genotypes you are given
Ex: Tt x tt
n (population) = 200
Punett square:
T. t
t Tt. tt
t tt. tt
Tt=2/4
tt=2/4
1:1 ratio meaning
half of the pop. will be Tt and the other half will be tt

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14
Q

what do we conclude if our p-value is between 0.1<p<0.5?

A

We accept the hypothesis
Not lower than 0.05

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15
Q

what ratio does a dihybrid cross produce?

A

9:3:3:1

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16
Q

what is the degree of freedom for the cross between BbVv x (bb v v)?

A

4-1=3

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17
Q

if the population is 2,300 (n) and the cross is between BbVv x (bbv v),
what is the expected value for BbVv?

A

Punett square;
BV Bv bV bv
bv BbVv Bbvv bbVv bbvv
BbVv= 1/4
so…
2300/4= 575 is the expected value

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18
Q

what is a dichotomous key?

A

key characteristrics that classify animals

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19
Q

what are the key characteristics to look at in using the dichotomous key? (5)

A

-Type of symmetry
-Presence of cephalization
-presence of segmentation
-presence of appendages
-type of skeleton

20
Q

What is taxanomy?

A

biological field of classifying and naming all forms of life

21
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

-bacteria
-archaea
-eukarya

22
Q

what are the 3 types of symmetry?

A

-asymmetry
-radial symmetry
-bilateral symmetry

23
Q

what does radial symmetry mean?

A

body is shaped like a pie or barrel and can be sliced like a pizza or pie

24
Q

what does bilateral symmetry mean?

A

body is symmetry meaning if split the organism in 2, it will be symmetrical on both halves

25
Q

what is an ex of radial symmetry?

A

starfish

26
Q

what is an ex of bilateral symmetry?

A

a fly

27
Q

practice on Tobie the terms of bilateral symmetry

A
28
Q

what is segmentation?

A

division of animal body plans into a series of repetitive segments

29
Q

what is a type of segmentation?

A

metamerism which is linear series of body segements fundamnetally similar in structure

30
Q

what are the advantages of segmentation? (2)

A

-compartmentalization
-specialization with respect to bodily regions

31
Q

what is an arthropod?

A

typical insect

32
Q

what does an insect have? 3 compartmentalizations…

A

-head
-thorax
-abdomen

33
Q

what is cephalization?

A

evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body (the head)

34
Q

what did cephalization evolve in bilaterally symmetrical animals?

A

nervous system

35
Q

does cephalization occur in all organisms?

A

no, only bilaterally symmetrical animals

36
Q

what are appendages?

A

external body parts that protrude from an organism’s body

37
Q

what are homologies of the forlimb in 6 vertebrates? (5)

A

-humerus
-radius
-ulna
-carpals
-metacarpals
-phalanges

38
Q

what does endoskeleton mean?

A

internal skeleton

39
Q

what is phylogenetics?

A

estimating evolutionary past

40
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

based on comparing DNA or protein sequences describing speciation events within a group of organisms

41
Q

what is a clade?

A

group of organisms that share a common ancestor

42
Q

what is a taxon?

A

any grouping of 1 or more populations/organisms

43
Q

what does a node signify?

A

speciation event from last **common ancestor **

44
Q

What does homology mean?

A

similarities between features of structure and function due to common descent

45
Q

what does convergence/analogy mean?

A

similarities between feature of structure and function due to **common environment **but not common descent

46
Q

what is an example of homologous traits?

A

pig insulin and human insulin

47
Q

what is an example of analogous trait?

A

wings of a bat and wings of a wasp

Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) (9 decks)

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