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Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) > Unit test 2: (Ch. 21-23) > Flashcards

Unit test 2: (Ch. 21-23) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

science of classifying organisms according to common ancestry based on characteristics

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2
Q

what are the 2 related evolutionary patterns?

A

1-nested patterns of similarities found among species on present earth
2-historical pattern of evolution recorded by fossils

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3
Q

what are observed species descendants of?

A

modified descendants of earlier ones that had undergone s**peciation events from ancestral species **

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4
Q

what does a pattern of nested similarities among species indicate?

A

descent with modification and accumulation of change (adaptive radiation)

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5
Q

what are nested patterns?

A

similarities or differences in…
1- morphological characteristics
2- molecular characteristics

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6
Q

what is a phylogeny?

A

hypothesis for evolutionary history of species or group of species

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7
Q

what does every node in a phylogeny represent?

A

a common ancestor

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8
Q

phylogentic trees and cladograms display the best model for what?

A

hypotheses of relatedness of organisms

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9
Q

when discussing the characters and how phylogentic trees are inferred by the comparison of characters sgared among different groups of organisms, what type of characters are used? (3)

A

-anatomical
-physiological
-molecular features

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10
Q

can character states be similar in phylogenetics?

A

yes

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11
Q

what are the 2 reasons character traits can be the same?

A

-present in common ancestor of 2 groups and retained over time = homolgous character
-evolved independently in 2 groups as an adaptation similar to environments = analogous character

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12
Q

what is an example of a homologous character?

A

amniotic egg is a characteristic that all sauropsids share because all extent organisms in a tree have that feature

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13
Q

what is an example of an analogous character?

A

wings because the ancestors of birds and bats likely did not have wings (it was evolved)

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14
Q

what structures are not useful in building a phylogenetic tree?

A

-character states in monophyletic group
-character states present in all taxons

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15
Q

what do we need to develop hypotheses of evolutionary relationships?

A

homologies that are shared by some but NOT ALL of the members of the group under consideration

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16
Q

what are synapomorphies?

A

homologies (characters)that are shared by some but not all memebers of the group under consideration

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17
Q

where do you find the synapomorphies in the tree?

A

near the nodes

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18
Q

how should you compare different species or figure out how closely related they are?

A

compare their DNA and compare their sequences

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19
Q

what can you build to compare species’ differences?

A

Data matrix of their differences

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20
Q

What is sister taxa?

A

the 2 or + closest related species

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21
Q

what is are molecular clocks?

A

yardsticks for measuring absolute time of evolutionary change based on observation of genes that evolve at constant rates

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22
Q

in molecular clocks, what is proportional to the time elapsed since the species branched from a common ancestor?

A

point mutations

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23
Q

what is an example of how molecular clocks have been useful?

A

provided insight into evolution of homo sapiens

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24
Q

How did early earth produce simple cells? (how did life on earth begin?)

A

4 main stages:
-abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
-joining of small molecules into marcomolecules
-packing of these molecules into protocells
-origin of self-reolicating molecules that made inheritance possibkle and natural selection to make improvements

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25
Q

what is the Hadean?

A

first geological eon

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26
Q

what is the hypotheses that scientists had made about the synthesis of the monomers?

A

-early earth’s atmosphere was a reducing environment which organic molecules could have formed
-energy for this organic synthesis could have come from lightning and intense UV radiation

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27
Q

what were scientists able to conclude when they tested small organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere?

A

that amino acids and notrogenous bases could be formed

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28
Q

what is a reducing atmosphere?

A

limited oxygen

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29
Q

how did they form organic polymers?

A

dripping solutions of monomers onto hot sand, clay or rock

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30
Q

what is an example of how an organic polymer was made?

A

nucleotide + hot sand/rock/clay = RNA

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31
Q

what are protocells?

A

aggregates of abiotically(not living) produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure

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32
Q

what are the properties of life of protocells?

A

-ability to divide/reproduce, maintain metabolic reactions, maintain internal environment (homeostasis)

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33
Q

what is homeostasis of a cell?

A

maintain internal evironment

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34
Q

what are the self-replicating molecules in early life?

A

Ribozymes
from RNA

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35
Q

why is RNA most likely the first genetic material on earth?

A

because it is
-flexible by it being single stranded and folding to create different shapes

36
Q

how does natural selection apply to molecules?

A

self-replicating molecules leave behind **offspring with variation in heritable traits**. Natural selection selects cells that are more and more adapted to the environment (survival of the fittest)

37
Q

what does fossil record tell us about evolution on earth?

A

shows changes in the kinds of organisms on earth over time

38
Q

what does deeper strata display in fossil records?

A

older organisms and how many extinct organisms look similar to organisms alive today

39
Q

what makes fossil record incomplete?

A

many of earth’s organisms did not die in the right place at the right time

40
Q

how are fossils dated?

A

radiometric dating=
decay of radioactive isotopes

41
Q

how is the rate of decay expressed in radioactive dating?

A

the half-life of the parent isotope=
time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay

42
Q

is the half-life of isotopes affected by the environmental factors?

A

no

43
Q

what are common isotopes used in radiometric dating?

A

carbon-14 and uranium-238

44
Q

what was the earliest life?
-Eukaryotic
-prokaryotic
-archaeic

A

prokaryotic

45
Q

what are the oldest known fossils that are 3.5 billion years old?

A

stromatolites

46
Q

what are stromatolites?

A

rocklike structures composed of layers of bacteria and sediment

47
Q

what produced all required compounds for life by using energy in chemicals or light?

A

autotrophs

48
Q

what is the term used for producing compounds for life by using energy in chemicals?

A

Chemoautotrophs

49
Q

what is the term used for producing compounds for life by using energy in light?

A

Photoautotrophs

50
Q

where does most of the atmospheric oxygen originate from?

A

photosynthesis

51
Q

what is oxygen revolution?

A

large increase in atmospheric O2
(on a graph)

52
Q

what is a powerful greenhouse gas?

A

methane

53
Q

what would atmospheric O2 have done?

A

removed green house gas, methane and created a snowball earth because of it

54
Q

how are sponges and mammals both considered animals?

A

because of the common characteristics of animals

55
Q

what are the 6 common characteristics of animals?

A

-no cell walls
-multicellular
-mobility (internal & external)
-Heterotrophy (needs to eat other organisms or substances)
-Embryonic tissues
-Collagen (matrix of connective tissues)

56
Q

what did the evolution of multicellularity and differentiation of embryonic tissues give rise to?

A

new body plans of animals

57
Q

what are the 4 body plan characteristics?

A

-symmetry
-presence of segmentation
-cephalization
-appendages

58
Q

what type of symmetry is there? (3)

A

-asymmetric = no symmetry
-radially symmetric= circular like cnidarians
-bilaterally symmetric= body that divides into 2 halves

59
Q

what is segmentation?

A

divisions of body into a series of repetitive segments

60
Q

what is metamersim?

A

linear series of body segments which are similar in structure like a worm

61
Q

what is cephalization?

A

from segmentation, it allowed a head region where sensory equipment is concentrated

62
Q

what did cephalization influence in evolution?

A

nervous system

63
Q

What are taxonomic groups?

A

nested categories that share morphological and molecular characteristics from common ancestors and evolutionary relationships

64
Q

what is more similar/evolutionary related between family and order?

A

family because
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

65
Q

what does genus mean?

A

a class, or group that links through common characteristics or 1 common characteristic

66
Q

What do chordates have?

A

-notochord
-forsal, hollow nerve cords
-Pharingeal slits
-embryonic tail

67
Q

what is a notochord?

A

structure that provides skeletal support but it doesn’t have to be bone

68
Q

what is a dorsal, hollow nerve cord?

A

a structure that develops into the brain and spinal chord

69
Q

what is a pharingeal slit?

A

structure present in the embryo that develop into **digestive, respiratory or sensory **organ

70
Q

what is an embryonic tail?

A

extends between the anus

71
Q

what are craniates?

A

chordates that evolved a skull

72
Q

what is a vertebrate?

A

craniate that evolved vertebrae along notochord

73
Q

What is an example of an invertebrate craniate?

A

hagfish

74
Q

What are jawed vertebrates called?

A

gnathostomes

75
Q

what is an example of a gnathostome?

A

sharks, amphibians, birds…

76
Q

what are fully aquatic gnathostomes called?

A

chondrichthyans (these are sharks)

77
Q

what are osteichthyes?

A

fish that are ossified skeletens (bone) that evolved lungs

78
Q

what does the class actinopterygii include?

A

ray-finned fish distinguished by bony rays

79
Q

what does the class Sarcopterygii include?

A

lobe-finned fish where their skeleton protrudes in their fins

80
Q

what do Coelacanths include?

A

lungfish (like an in between water and air)

81
Q

common ancestor to coelacanths?

A

tetrapods

82
Q

what do tetrapods include?

A

amphibians, reptiles and mammals

83
Q

reptiles and mammals are sister taxa?

A

yes they both share the amniotic egg in common

84
Q

what do all mammals share?

A

hair and produce milk

85
Q

what does the class mammalia include?

A

-monotremes
-marsupials
-eutherians (placenta = human)

86
Q

what are monotremes?

A

egg laying mammals

Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) (9 decks)

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