Lab exam: 1 Flashcards
Name all the microscope pieces from left to right.
-ocular lenses
-Diopter adjustment
-Nose piece
-objective lenses
-Stage clip
-aperture
-diaphragm
-condenser
-light source
-Head
-arm
-mech. stage
-coarse adjustment
-fine adjustment
-stage controls
-base
-light/brightness adj
–light controls
How many parts of the microscope?
18
Objective magnification?
4x, 10x, 40x
What is high power magnification?
400x
Total magnification?
40x, 100x, 400x
Low power magnification?
40x. Not 4x.
Resolving power equation?
min. distance that can be resolved = wavelength of light/2
Diameter of F.O.V?
d of F.O.V =L.Pmag.x.dofL.P(um)
/Current mag.
Why does Green give better Resolution than Red?
Red light has higher wavelength than green light hence it doesn’t provide better resolution than green.
Why use methyl cellulose in lab 1 with pond water?
It slows down pond protoza for viewing. Methyl cellulose is convenient for mounting live embryos.
D.O.F
Depth of field: Range within an object can be seen clearly
When you increase the magnification, what decreases?
D.O.F
What are leucoplasts?
subcellular components of plant cells that store energy in form of starch
When looking at starches under a microscope, what shape can you see? (Hint: one of ur fav sports…)
rugby Ball-shaped structures=
Starch grains
What is Hilum?
Border around starch grains
What are Sclerieds?
Subcellular components of plant cells that provide protection & support to plant tissue
Where are sclerieds appearant? (Hint: A Fruit)
pears
What is a Macromolecule?
composed of mulitple smaller parts (monomers) linked together by bonds
How do you build a macromolecule?
By removing water (H2o)
equation for dehydration synthesis (D.S)
A-OH + B-H –> AB + H2O
How do you break apart marcomolecules?
By adding water to separate the monomers
What is the name for adding water to a macromolecule to break it apart (Hint: Opposit of D.S)
Hydrolysis
equation for hydrolysis?
AB +H2O –> A-OH + B-H
What do the cool people say for carbohydrates?
Hydrates of carbon
Chem. formula for Carbs?
Cn(H2O)n
Monosaccharides formula?
C6H12O6
Disaccharide formula?
C12H22O11 (We removed 1 water molecule to make the bond between the 2 monomers…This means we multiply the entire C6H12O6 formula by 2 and subtract 1 water molecule (H2O)
What are the bonds between disaccharides and polysaccharides?
Glycosidic bonds
Function of a polysaccharide?
store energy
What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?
alpha glucose has their OH towards the bottom, Beta OH is towards the sky.
What is starch composed of?
alpha glucose monomers connected through alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds…
What is Amylose and Amylopectin composed of?
Alpha glucose monomers
What bonds do starch (amylose and amylopectin) contain?
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Is Amylose branched?
No, that’s why it has alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds only
Is Amylopectin unbranched?
No, it is branched. It has alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
2 types of starches are?
Amylose and amylopectin
What structure can alpha glucose molecules form when linked through alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds?
Helix
What reacts with the alpha glucose molecules when formed a helix?
Iodine sits in between the alpha glucose helix as dark blue.
what is the function of lipids?
long term storage as membranes and hormones
what is the polymer(s) of lipids?
none. no true polymers
are lipids hydrophobic or amphipathic?
they are both
What is the function of triglycerides?
Used for energy storage
What Form fats and oils?
triglycerides
what is a triglyceride composed of?
glycerole head and 3 fatty acid tails
what is the R-group of the triglycerides?
fatty acids because they can be saturated or unsaturated
What froms can proteins take? (Hint: 7)
enzymes, transporters, antibodies, structural proteins, receptors, contractile and motor proteins
What are amylases?
Enzymes
what does the enzyme, Amylase catalyze?
It catalyses the hydrolysis of the bonds holding starch together… the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
The plants use starch to store what and in what form (2 types)?
sugar storage in the form of amylose and amylopectin
What does partial hydrolysis of starch form? (Hint: disaccharide and something you would never guess.)
maltose and dextrin
Where can you find amylases
?
saliva
why is amylase present in your saliva?
to help break down food as part of digestive process
Like all enzymes, what does the activity of the enzyme, amylase, rely on? (Hint: 4)
Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate (i.e saliva) concentration
Amylase can be called?
Protein enzyme and hydrolyzes alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
What was the point of lab 2: Biomolecules?
to determine how much of the enzyme, amylase, was present in our sample under various conditions.
What various conditions did we test in? (4)
0 degrees
23 degrees
37 degrees
100 degrees
Why did we have controls in this lab and what were they?
The controls were NaCl + 1 iodine drop and starch solution. We used the controls to compare the colors of each sample we tested under varioud conditions and time contraints. The controls were placed to show when the amylase was highly reactive (had hydrolyzed) and when it was completely deactivated (had no hydrolysis) .
Amylase + NaCl solution is what?
diluted saliva
what we tested in this lab?
was starch solutions and diluted saliva (amylase and NaCl solution)
What does the color dark blue or dark green mean?
it mean that a reaction happened between the iodine and the starch solution. A reaction took place because the iodine reacts well with unhydrolyzed starch.. meaning the amylase enzyme had not yet broken the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Enzyme is inactive.
What does it mean when the color is yellow?
this means the enzyme is activated because the starch solution is hydrolyzed. Iodine does not react with hydrolyzed amylase. Remeber, iodine sits in the helic, if the helic breaks, it loses its color.
Results:
0 degrees?
The starch solution barely hydrolyzed because the enzyme was not in a suitable environment (low temp).
Results:
23 degrees?
some hydrolysis took place and reaction was faster because the temp was incfreased from the 0 degrees sample.
Results:
37 degrees?
Optimal temp for amylase to activate & hydrolyzed the fastest
Results:
100 degrees?
No hydrolysis took place since the enzyme completely deactivated due to denaturation
What is the purpose of lab 3: DNA & RNA?
explore the stability of DNA and RNA
what are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA