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Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) > Unit 3: (Ch. 27-28) > Flashcards

Unit 3: (Ch. 27-28) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

consists of **all organisms in a community **and the abiotic factors they interact with

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2
Q

what does ecosystem ecology study?

A

living and nonliving components within an environment, also how natural and human-induced changes affect how they function

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3
Q

what are the 2 ecosystem dynamics involved?

A

energy flow
nutrient cycling

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4
Q

what is energy flow?

A

how radiant energy enter an ecosystem and is stored/transferred as a chemical energy

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5
Q

what is nutrient cycling?

A

describes how certain atoms like nitrogen, carbon, sulfur.. are important for bio proceses

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6
Q

what is the saying for energy flow and nutrient cycling?

A

energy flows through ecosystems while matter cycles within them

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7
Q

how does energy enter?

A

as light

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8
Q

energy and nutrients pass from ** –> ** then to ***

A

primary producers (autotrophs) to primary consumers (herbivores) then to secondary consumers (carnivores)

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9
Q

what connects all trophic levels?

A

decomposers

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10
Q

what does bacteria and fungi do?

A

recycle essential chemical elements by decomposing organic material and returning elements to inorganic reservoirs

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11
Q

what are detritivores?

A

they consume daed or decaying material by ingesting and digesting. They create feces which is then decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi

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12
Q

are decomposers the same as detritivores?

A

no, the decomposers recycle and decompose the shit that detritivores create

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13
Q

what is the energy flow through an ecosystem?

A

1st trophic level= producers (like plants)
2nd trophic level = primary consumers (herbivores like a mouse)
3rd trophic level= secondary consumers (carnivores like a snake)
4th trophic level= tertiary consumers (2nd level carnivores like an eagle)
DECOMPOSERS =consume daed or decaying organic material and recycle it back to the 1st trophic level

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14
Q

what is primary production ?

A

the amount of energy converted into usable chemical energy and thus, biomass (renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals) by the autotrophs (organisms that create their own food) in a given period of time

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15
Q

what is secondary production?

A

the amount of energy in a consumer’s food that is converted into their own new biomass in a given period of time

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16
Q

how much do herbivores generally consume of the primary production?

A

1/16th of primary production

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17
Q

do herbivores digest everything that they eat?

A

no, undigested material is excreted as feces

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18
Q

how do we measure production efficiency?

A

energy transformers

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19
Q

what is the formula for production efficiency?

A

P.E = (Net secondary production/Assimilation of primary production) x100%

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20
Q

what is net secondary production?

A

energy stored in biomass represented by growth and reproduction

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21
Q

what is assimilation of primary production?

A

total energy in by the organism and excludes the energy lost as feces

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22
Q

what percentage of production efficiency do insects and microorganisms have?

A

40% or more

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23
Q

what percentage of production efficicnecy do fish have and what are they called?

A

10% and ectotherms

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24
Q

what percentage of production efficinecy do endotherms have and what is an example of them?

A

birds and mammals have a 1-3% production efficiency

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25
Q

what is trophic efficiency?

A

percentage of production transferred from 1 trophic level to the next

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26
Q

is the trophic levels more or less than production efficiencies?

A

less because they not only take into account the energy lost through respriation but also energy contained in feces

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27
Q

what must nutrients do in an ecosystem?

A

cycle between abiotic and biotic parts of the ecosystem

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28
Q

what is the most important nutrient in nutrient cycling?

A

carbon

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29
Q

why is carbon so important?

A

it forms the framework of the organic molecules essential to all life

30
Q

how is carbon fixed or converted into usable compounds?

A

begins as photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 into organic molecules and used by heterotrophs in consumption

31
Q

what is a carbon sink?

A

natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores carbon-containing chemicals.

primary producers are all important cause they convert atmospheric CO2 into biomass

32
Q

how much do primary producers convert CO2 into biomass?

A

123 GtC

33
Q

how much does the ocean store carbon CO2?

A

92 GtC

34
Q

what is a carbon source?

A

any process that releases carbon into the atmosphere

35
Q

what are the most important carbon sources?

A

respiration (land and ocean), deforestation and
fossil fuel use

36
Q

do we store more carbon than we release?

A

no we release more carbon than we store

37
Q

What is Anthropocene?

A

geological era we call because of global environment change

38
Q

human activity stressors that subject ecosystems?

A

habitat loss and degredation
ozone depletion
chemical pollution
nutrient enrichment
climate change

39
Q

what are aquatic pollutants?

A

petroleum products
fertilizers
chlorinated solvents
pesticides
herbicides
intesecticides
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s)

40
Q

what are soil pollutants?

A

lead
mercury
arsenic
polyaromatic hydrocarbons
pesticides
herbicides
insecticides

41
Q

what is a big problem about the pollution we produce?

A

they persist for a long time and do not biodegrade making them concentrated in the tissues of organisms in higher trophic levels

42
Q

biological magnification is?

A

process whereby toxins become increasignly more concentrated in tissues or organisms that make up higher trophic levels and as a result, the biomas is lower

43
Q

what is an example of biomagnification?

A

PCB’s in a great lakes food web:

seagulls lay eggs with PCB levels 5000x greater than phytoplankton

Basically as the PCB’s are placed in the water, the phytoplankton takes that in, then its transfered to the next trophic level when the larger fish like trout consume the phytoplankton, then when the seagulls eat the trout, the concentration of PCB’s will be so much higher because of biomagnification.

as the PCB’s are transferred through trophic levels, the concentration of toxins increases.

44
Q

what are fertilizers used for?

A

boost primary production to feed a growing population like grass

45
Q

if excessive fertilizing use occurs, what can emerge from it?

A

eutrophication

46
Q

what is eutrophication?

A

excess fertilizers or any jutrient richness end up in waterways and cause algal blooms

47
Q

what is the result of eutrophication?

A

cause the proliferation of plants and algae

agal blooms prevent light from penetrating to deeper levels and plants then die creating anoxic condition where no life can survive

48
Q

what is climate?

A

pattern and variation of..
temp
relative humidity
atmospheric pressure
wind
precipitation
atmospheric particulates (think china air)

49
Q

what is the difference between climate and weather?

A

climate= long term pattern of weather in a particular area

weather= short term conditions of these variables in a given region

50
Q

what is paleoclimatology?

A

study of ancient climates

51
Q

what is climate change?

A

significant and lasting change in statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years

52
Q

what is anthropogenic climate change?

A

change of climate associated with production of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity

53
Q

what is the change in temperature?

A

warming temps over the past 100 years

54
Q

what does the warm climates influence?

A

levels of precipitation and air pressures impacting more frequent and intense weather events

55
Q

what would be the immediate cause of climate change?

A

TSI
total irradiance of the sun
this has not happened yet

56
Q

Milankovitch cycles have everything to do with climate change right?

A

no, the earth rotating around the sun acts much too slowly to explain current climate fluctuations

57
Q

do volcanoes have an affect on climate change?

A

no, volcanic eruptions would have brought slight cooling but not warm weather weve been experiencing
CO2 output is 0.13 GG
anthropogenic CO2 output is 35 GG

58
Q

what are the causes of Climate change?

A

CO2 is primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activity

59
Q

what is a greenhouse gas?

A

atmospheric gas that absorbs and emits radiation within thermal infrared range

60
Q

what are the major greenhouse gases?

A

water vapour
CO2
CH4
N2O
O3
CFC’s and HCFC’s

61
Q

what is the greenhouse effect?

A

1-sun omits energy and earth surface absorbs it, heating it up
2-earth then radiates some of the heat back into atosphere in form of infrared radiation
3-greenhouse gases in atmoshere like CO2 take in infrared radiation and refelect it back to the earths surface
4-trapped energy from greenhouse gases warm up the earth surface

but humans have created too much CO2 through fossil fuels so its heating up the earth too much creating an imbalance in climate change

62
Q

what physical changes does climate change produce?

A

increase in ambient temp
changes in annual seasonal precipitation
sea-levels rise
ocean acidification
increased frequency of extreme weather events

63
Q

recall species range? what sets the limits on species range?

A

other physical factors like temp and water availability

64
Q

what is the temp that a species cannot tolerate?

A

no temp lower than 27 degrees celsius

65
Q

is species is heat tolerant and cold intolerant where will its range be?

A

range expands northerly and southern limit stays the same

66
Q

if species is heat and cold intolerant, where will its range be?

A

range expands northerly but southern limit also moves northerly

67
Q

so basically which range will be bigger if the species range for 1 is heat-tolerant and cold intolerant and the other is heat and cold intolerant?

A

the heat tolrant and cold intolerant

68
Q

what is phenology?

A

study of reccuring life cycle traits influenced by abiotic factors like environmental conditions but an emphasis on seasonal changes

69
Q

what is phenological shift?

A

change in an organism’s life cycle traits due to changes in environmental conditions caused by climate change

70
Q

why is phenological shift important?

A

because say these specific apples are growing at a specific time for these flies to eat, and then they start growing at a different time because of climate change, the flies are fucked

Biology 1 (101-NYA-05) (9 decks)

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