UNIT TEST #2 Flashcards
Carbohydrates are: (3 Components)
- Sugars
- Starches
- Fiber
Are Monosaccharides…
a. a chain of many monosaccharides
b. a single sugar
c. a pair of monosaccharides
B. A Single Sugar
Are Polysaccharides…
a. a chain of many monosaccharides
b. a single sugar
c. a pair of monosaccharides
a. a chain of many monosaccharides
Are Disaccharides…
a. a chain of many monosaccharides
b. a single sugar
c. a pair of monosaccharides
c. a pair of monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are sugars, AKA…?
Simple Sugars
Polysaccharides are starches and fibers, AKA…
Complex Carbohydrates
The three monosaccharide sugars found in nutrition are:
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
The three disaccharide sugars found in nutrition are:
- Maltose
- Sucrose
- Lactose
What is Maltose made from? (2 components)
- Glucose
- Glucose
What is Lactose made from? (2 components)
- Glucose
- Galactose
What is sucrose made from?
- Glucose
- Fructose
Which is the sweetest of the monosaccharides?
Fructose
What is the sweetest of the disaccharides?
Sucrose
Which is typically known as blood sugar?
Glucose
What is a disaccharide?
Pairs of monosaccharides
What chemical reaction allows two monosaccharides to join?
Dehydration synthesis
To break a disaccharide, what process takes place?
Hydrolysis
What’s the storage form of glucose in the human body called?
- Glycogen
What is the storage form of glucose in plants?
Starch
What is the richest source of starch?
- Grains
What does dietary fiber come from?
Structural portion of plants
Is fiber digested?
Yes
Does it contribute to energy production?
No
What does a Viscous do?
It forms gels
What is fermentable?
Digested by bacteria
Does Soluble or Insoluble fiber dissolve in water to form gel?
Soluble
Is Soluble or Insoluble fiber found in the skins of fruits, vegetables, & fibrous structure?
Insoluble
Is soluble or insoluble fiber more viscous and fermentable?
Soluble
If dietary fiber is added to food or supplements, it is called a…?
Functional Fiber
Total fiber is…? (2 components)
Dietary fiber and added fiber
What enzyme is present in the mouth?
Amylase to break starch
What does satiety mean?
Acid of stomach stops amylase from working, no carbohydrate digestion, fiber in the stomach gives a feeling of fullness & satisfaction
What happens in the small intestine (Duodenum)?
most of the carbohydrate digestion takes place here, where pancreatic amylase enters via the pancreatic duct
Maltase breaks maltose into…?
Glucose & Glucose
Sucrase breaks down sucrose into…?
Fructose & Gluctose
Lactase breaks down lactose into…?
Galactose & Glucose
What happens when fiber cannot be broken down?
It will linger into the large intestine which attracts water… which softens still to ease elimination
What will bacteria do after fibers not broken down?
Will Ferment the fibers to use for energy and will also make short chain fatty acids
What are resistant starches?
Starches that escape digestion and absorption
Some carbohydrate absorption happens in the mouth, but mostly in…?
The small intestine
monosaccharides are absorbed by the cells of the small intestine, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream for the cells to use as energy, but galactose and fructose or metabolized in the ___ since the cells cannot use them
Liver
Lactose intolerance is the inability of the body to produce the enzyme ____?
Lactase
What fraction of glycogen is stored by the LIVER?
1/4
What fraction of glycogen is stored by the MUSCLES?
3/4
Because glycogen draws water to it, the liver can only hold so much. It can store enough energy for about ____?
a days worth of minimal energy needs
The preferred energy source of the nervous system is…?
Glucose
When glucose levels are low the body can make glucose from proteins, which is called?
Gluconeogenisis
To stop the breakdown of protein, carbs must be eaten, this action is called…?
Protein sparing action
if inadequate supply of carbohydrates continues fat will be broke down to make…?
Ketone bodies
If ketone bodies accumulate this may cause ____?
Ketosis
The two hormones (made by the pancreas) that primarily regulate glucose are…?
- Insulin
- Glucagon
What moves glucose from the blood into the cell, lowering blood glucose?
Insulin
What brings glucose out of storage in the liver to raise blood glucose?
Glucagon
What is type 1 diabetes?
- A condition where the pancreas produces insufficient or ineffective insulin
Whats type 2 diabetes?
- A common condition in a result or cells not responding to insulin
What is hypoglycemia?
A state of blood sugar below normal levels
What is a glycemic response?
How quickly blood glucose rises after a person eats
What are some foods low in glycemic index?
Fruits, vegetables, and legumes
What are some foods high in glycemic index?
Breads, white rice, cracker, potatoes
