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RCM History 2 > Unit One Middle Ages > Flashcards

Unit One Middle Ages Flashcards

1
Q

Years for Middle Ages

A

476 - 1450

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2
Q

Periods of Middle Ages

A

Early Christian, Romansque, and Gothic

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3
Q

Medieval means

A

between ages

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4
Q

Medieval between

A

Classical Antiquity andTRenaissance

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5
Q

Other ages within

A

Dark Ages; lauge, lawlessness, wars.

Charlemagne 768-814 revival of arts and culture educational reforms

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6
Q

Catholic Monks and Nuns roles

A

Educated, Latin, scholars. Teachers and scribes, custodians to heritage

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7
Q

Crusades, Holy Wars

A

reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims

1095, 200 years. Islamic culture influences: astronomy, mathematics and medicine

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8
Q

Art of Middle Ages

A

Gothic style, Romansque structure, towering spires

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9
Q

Literature of 14th century

A

Dante Alighieri
Giovanni Boccaccio
Geoffrey Chaucer

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10
Q

14th Century war

A

Hunder Year’s War England and France 1337-1553

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11
Q

Musical Style of Middle Ages

A 
monophony to polyphony
Development of music notation
Narrow range
fluid chant rhythm to structured
needs coalescing in the 14th century
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12
Q

monophonic

A

one melody line

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13
Q

polyphonic

A

two or more melody lines, also contrapunctal

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14
Q

modes

A

unique order of tones and semitones
Ancient Greece
source of melodies in Middle Ages and Renaissance
Greek namesl Dorian, Phrygian

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15
Q

neumes

A

earliest notation, small symbols direction

squares diamonds later on staff pitches

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16
Q

a capella

A

in the chapel Latin

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17
Q

Modes in order of starting note

A

Ionian, Dorian, Phyrgian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian and Locrian

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18
Q

Modes in order of added flat

A

Lydian, Ionian, Mixolydian, Dorian, Aeolian, Phyrgian, and Locrian
4,7,3,6,2,5

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19
Q

Gregorian Chant

A

Linked with church, sung Mass, orally passed down but made notated, Hebrew Chant, Pope Gregory the Great

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20
Q

Features of Gregorian Chant

A 
monophonic
modal
steps, narrow leap
unmeasured rhythm
sacred Latin text
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21
Q

Pope Gregory the First, The Great

A

leader 590-604
not composer
organize, coded chants; liturgical service
schools to train singers sacred

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22
Q

Haec Dies words and notes

A

Psalm 118:1/24 OldT: This day was made by the lord. Let us rejoice and be glad in it. Praise the Lord for he is good his mercy endures forever - Easter gradual. Solo+unisonchorus

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23
Q

Plainchant

A

plainsong, Judaic tradition, modal monophonic, narrow unmeasured

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24
Q

Gregorian Chant

A

form of plainchant, Latin, sacred

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25
Q

syllabic text setting

A

one note each syllable of text

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26
Q

neumatic text setting

A

a couple 2-4 notes for each syllable

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27
Q

melismatic text setting

A

many notes for each syllable

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28
Q

responsorial singing

A

method of performance

solo alternative chorus

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29
Q

gradual

A

4th section of mass proper, Psalms text, chants sung melismatic responsorial performance

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30
Q

liber usualis

A

Book of Common Use, contains music and texts for many of the chants for Roman Catholic: France monks Benedictine Abbey Solesmes

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31
Q

Haec Dies music notes

A

Dorian
responsorial: Haec dies solo, quam fecit chorus, Confitemini solo, eius chorus.
unmeasured, melismatic haec, dominus, exultemus, quoniam
9th range wider, eius largest interval 5th

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32
Q

Hildegard von Bingen

A

1098-1179

church order, scientific writtings, visions, music poetry, repeated motives, morality play Ordo virtutum

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33
Q

Ordo virtutum

A

Play of Virtues, sacred drama Humility, Hope, Charity, Discipline; battle devil for Soul. devil cannot sing

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34
Q

Dies irae

A

Day of Wrath; mass for the dead Requiem. Thomas of Celano 1250 often quoted; symbolizes death supernatural. Liszt, Berlioz, Sondheim

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35
Q

Ut queant laxis

A

teaches sight-singing. St John the Bapt. used Guido of Arezzo (solfedge father)

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36
Q

Organum notes

A

same chants, experiment ->polyphany; organum first, parallel 4 or 5th.
First notated 9th century ie Musica enchiriadis
12th century Notre Dame wider variety

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37
Q

Musica enchiriadis

A

Music Handbook latin,

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38
Q

cantus firmus

A

fixed song, borrowed Gregorian chant, structure for new polyphany, usually lower voice

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39
Q

tenor

A

to hold

lower voice in polyphony

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40
Q

organal style

A

upper voice father note values, lower slower sustain

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41
Q

discant style

A

more original chant in upper voice

some note-against-note movement b/w voices

42
Q

clausula

A

inside discant, defined section

single word or syllable, high melisma, replace-able with other descants

43
Q

rhythmic modes

A

patterns of long.short
related to poetic meters
early step to rhythmic notation
6 modes; LS, SL, LSS, SSL, LL, SSS

44
Q

Notre Dame Schoole

A

composers school; two bigs Leonin ,

Perotin

45
Q

Leonin

A

polyphony first known, Paris 12th Century, 2part organum, organal and discant style. Magnus Liber Organi (The great book of organum)

46
Q

Perotin

A

Notre Dame 13th Century
expanded polyphony 3-4part
substitute clausuae replace organum Leonin

47
Q

Notre Dame

A

Paris constructed late 12th-early 13th Century admin lots of light with windows

48
Q

Haec Dies Organum

A

Notre Dame style organum Leonin, 1175 soloist and choir 2 voices
Organal Haec Dies, MonoQuamfecit, Organal Confitemini, Discant Domino quoniam, Organal bonus quoniam. rythmic modes used discant
clausulae Domin and quoniam

49
Q

Polytextual Motet

A

13th Century, added text to upper voice in melismatic passages in organum
combined sacred and secular, double meanings, mixed lanugagues
step to polyphony
3 voice, bottom cantus firmus
primary internvals, upper faster crossed

50
Q

Motet

A

vocal with or without instrum.

often polytext in 13th C, sacred or secular

51
Q

ostinato

A

obstinate Italian, persistent

repeated rhythm or melody extended period

52
Q

countertenor

A

high male voice, pure tone strong
early music performance more common
falsetto out of normal range

53
Q

O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies

A

polytext motet, 13th Century, Virgin Mary poems, Latin, 3 voice
Three texts similar ending, short phrases
intercesssion Mary top; praise Mary immaculate middle, this day bottom
top and middle share same range, crossing
tenor melisma, upper voices syllabic

54
Q

Middle Ages population

A

high middle ages 1000-1250 population boom

warm period, end of viking, arab expansions, fuedalism started, clearing of marshes forest.

55
Q

Monophonic Chanson

A

french song
not much notated, not preserved
aristocractic poet musicians trouveres, troubadours
songbook chanonniers
monophonic, modal, strophic form, instrum improvised
courtly love chivarly
12 and 13th century

56
Q

strophic

A

song structure same music dif versus poem

57
Q

trouvere

A

finder, inventor..french

aristocratic northn France courtly love

58
Q

troubadour

A

southern France aristocrat

59
Q

jongleurs

A

entertainers, lower class, court jesters, storytellers

60
Q

Minnesinger

A

singers of love, German, like troubadour

61
Q

psaltery

A

Medieval string instrument
trapezoidal soundbox gut strings
plucked strings indoors

62
Q

dulcimer

A

Medieval string instrument, wooden soundbox struck gut strings hammers indoors

63
Q

vielle

A

Medieval violin figure-8 body bowed indoors

64
Q

drone

A

sustained pitch harmonic support folk music

65
Q

ce fut en mai general notes

A 
Monoit d'Arras 1213-1239
 St. Vaast abbey France monk
courtly trouvere
strophic monophonic chanson secular poem
knight courting saddens narrator who lost his love, others pray for him
66
Q

ce fut en mai music notes

A

5 verses 12 lines each SSL SSL MML MML
internal AABB structure stanza rhyme A: open mediant, B closed tonic
9th range
message is sullen music is jolly - no connection

67
Q

Polyphonic Chanson

A

14th century more secular
High point middle ages - foreshadowed Renaissance
music could start patching poetry
Ars Nova Philippe de Vitry described changes in music and art
more notation, clearer harmonies easier

68
Q

Philippe de Vitry

A 
1291-1361
French composer, poet Bishop Meaux
Ars nova 1322 describes musical language
innovations rhytm notation; imperfect divisions
isorhythm
69
Q

Ars nova

A

new art Latin
treatise 1322
14th century point of reference
older = ars antiqua

70
Q

rondeau

A

poetic form polyphonic chanson Ars nova
4 versus +refrain
AB aA ab AB first words repeated

71
Q

musica ficta

A

false music Latin
modal performance late middle ages renaissance
raise pitches semitone avoid undesirable intervals
accidentals

72
Q

isorhythm

A

Ars nova compositional device
equal rhythm
combines melody and thrym patterns colour and talea overlapping than coinciding

73
Q

hocket

A

hoquet french hiccup

melodic line shared bw two voices jumps back and forth

74
Q

Guillaume de Machaut

A

1300-1377
poet and musician celebrated Frnech Ars nova
sacred and secular working Princes Kings Church
complete works perserved

75
Q

Puis qu’en oubli

A

mid 14th century
Machaut secular poem and msuic old French
Since I am forgotten by you, polyphonic
three voice never again expereiance love joy since rejection

76
Q

Puis qu’en oubli music notes

A 
three voices, all newly composed
rondeau structure, poetic music matching
syllabic and neumatic text
two lower same range cross parts
3rd and 6th used
slow triple meter binary subdivisions
top voice active rhythm some syncopation
77
Q

Guillaume de Machaut style

A 
French Ars Nova
sacred secule
more intervals sophis counterpoint
syncopation hocket isorhythm
mono and polyphonic - mono continue tradition
longer works more complex
first complete polyphonic mass
78
Q

Guillaume de Machaut titles

A

Messe de Nostre Dame (polyphonic mass)
23 Motets Hareu! Hareu!
Chansons mono poly Rose, lizl Douce dame jolie

79
Q

Messe de Nostre Dame

A

Mass of our Lady Machaut
four voices polyphonic mass
isorythm motives creates unity
longest works

80
Q

Instrumental music Middle ages notes

A

instrument no place at church except organ
folks played instrument, didn’t perserve or write down music
instruments no std improvised mostly
largely illiterate world
fanfares, dance, miliatry

81
Q

bas

A

french low - indoor

dulcimer, lute psaltery, rebec records vielle

82
Q

haut

A

french high - outdoor

cornetto crumhorn sackbut shawm

83
Q

lute

A

guitar ancestor

middle-Eastern, plucked fretted, accomp singer

84
Q

rebec

A

pear shared bowed string 3 string arm or under chin

85
Q

recorder

A

endblow wind, diff lengths finger holes remained popular

86
Q

cornetto

A

ancestor of trumpet cow horn - wood

87
Q

crumhorn

A

doublereed wind J shaped outdoor

88
Q

sackbut

A

ancestor of trombone
old french pull push
outdoor

89
Q

shawm

A

acenstor of oboe
middle-Eastern
double reed shril nasal tone

90
Q

guitarra moresca

A

Moorish guitar north africa strummed

91
Q

Medieval pipe

A

flute ancestor

three hole wind mouthpiece

92
Q

nakers

A

percussion middle-Eastern pairs kettlerums like

93
Q

tabor

A

percussion large cylindrical drum

94
Q

portative organ

A

small keyboard high pitch pipes

bellw pump organetto

95
Q

positive organ

A

14th century remain Reniassance
larger portative ancesotry of harmonium
keyboard no pedals small pipe

96
Q

regal

A

14th century portable organ
harmonium ancestor
reeds instead of pipes, keyboard
strap around neck bellows pump

97
Q

Medeival Dance Music

A 
improvisation based
functional social dance later stylized
13th century notation strted
monophonic, modal, improvised
estampie, saltarello, ronde, basse dance
sectional structure
98
Q

estampie

A

Medieval dance
stately
elaborate body movements
couples dance

99
Q

heterophonic texture

A

simulat variationl same melod diff ways same time

two more voices additions improvised

100
Q

Chansonnier du Roy

A

Songbook of the King, french manuscript 13th century anony traubadour and trouvere, 8 mono dances Royal Estampie No 4

101
Q

Royal Estampie No. 4

A

dance late 13th centry monophonic sectional open and closed endings
various instruments
dorian repeat or end with section structure add embellishments narrow melodic range
likely improvised accomp.

RCM History 2 (5 decks)

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