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RCM History 2 > Unit One Middle Ages > Flashcards

Unit One Middle Ages Flashcards

1
Q

Years for Middle Ages

A

476 - 1450

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2
Q

Periods of Middle Ages

A

Early Christian, Romansque, and Gothic

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3
Q

Medieval means

A

between ages

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4
Q

Medieval between

A

Classical Antiquity andTRenaissance

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5
Q

Other ages within

A

Dark Ages; lauge, lawlessness, wars.

Charlemagne 768-814 revival of arts and culture educational reforms

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6
Q

Catholic Monks and Nuns roles

A

Educated, Latin, scholars. Teachers and scribes, custodians to heritage

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7
Q

Crusades, Holy Wars

A

reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims

1095, 200 years. Islamic culture influences: astronomy, mathematics and medicine

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8
Q

Art of Middle Ages

A

Gothic style, Romansque structure, towering spires

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9
Q

Literature of 14th century

A

Dante Alighieri
Giovanni Boccaccio
Geoffrey Chaucer

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10
Q

14th Century war

A

Hunder Year’s War England and France 1337-1553

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11
Q

Musical Style of Middle Ages

A 
monophony to polyphony
Development of music notation
Narrow range
fluid chant rhythm to structured
needs coalescing in the 14th century
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12
Q

monophonic

A

one melody line

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13
Q

polyphonic

A

two or more melody lines, also contrapunctal

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14
Q

modes

A

unique order of tones and semitones
Ancient Greece
source of melodies in Middle Ages and Renaissance
Greek namesl Dorian, Phrygian

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15
Q

neumes

A

earliest notation, small symbols direction

squares diamonds later on staff pitches

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16
Q

a capella

A

in the chapel Latin

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17
Q

Modes in order of starting note

A

Ionian, Dorian, Phyrgian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian and Locrian

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18
Q

Modes in order of added flat

A

Lydian, Ionian, Mixolydian, Dorian, Aeolian, Phyrgian, and Locrian
4,7,3,6,2,5

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19
Q

Gregorian Chant

A

Linked with church, sung Mass, orally passed down but made notated, Hebrew Chant, Pope Gregory the Great

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20
Q

Features of Gregorian Chant

A 
monophonic
modal
steps, narrow leap
unmeasured rhythm
sacred Latin text
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21
Q

Pope Gregory the First, The Great

A

leader 590-604
not composer
organize, coded chants; liturgical service
schools to train singers sacred

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22
Q

Haec Dies words and notes

A

Psalm 118:1/24 OldT: This day was made by the lord. Let us rejoice and be glad in it. Praise the Lord for he is good his mercy endures forever - Easter gradual. Solo+unisonchorus

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23
Q

Plainchant

A

plainsong, Judaic tradition, modal monophonic, narrow unmeasured

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24
Q

Gregorian Chant

A

form of plainchant, Latin, sacred

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25
syllabic text setting
one note each syllable of text
26
neumatic text setting
a couple 2-4 notes for each syllable
27
melismatic text setting
many notes for each syllable
28
responsorial singing
method of performance | solo alternative chorus
29
gradual
4th section of mass proper, Psalms text, chants sung melismatic responsorial performance
30
liber usualis
Book of Common Use, contains music and texts for many of the chants for Roman Catholic: France monks Benedictine Abbey Solesmes
31
Haec Dies music notes
Dorian responsorial: Haec dies solo, quam fecit chorus, Confitemini solo, eius chorus. unmeasured, melismatic haec, dominus, exultemus, quoniam 9th range wider, eius largest interval 5th
32
Hildegard von Bingen
1098-1179 | church order, scientific writtings, visions, music poetry, repeated motives, morality play Ordo virtutum
33
Ordo virtutum
Play of Virtues, sacred drama Humility, Hope, Charity, Discipline; battle devil for Soul. devil cannot sing
34
Dies irae
Day of Wrath; mass for the dead Requiem. Thomas of Celano 1250 often quoted; symbolizes death supernatural. Liszt, Berlioz, Sondheim
35
Ut queant laxis
teaches sight-singing. St John the Bapt. used Guido of Arezzo (solfedge father)
36
Organum notes
same chants, experiment ->polyphany; organum first, parallel 4 or 5th. First notated 9th century ie Musica enchiriadis 12th century Notre Dame wider variety
37
Musica enchiriadis
Music Handbook latin,
38
cantus firmus
fixed song, borrowed Gregorian chant, structure for new polyphany, usually lower voice
39
tenor
to hold | lower voice in polyphony
40
organal style
upper voice father note values, lower slower sustain
41
discant style
more original chant in upper voice | some note-against-note movement b/w voices
42
clausula
inside discant, defined section | single word or syllable, high melisma, replace-able with other descants
43
rhythmic modes
patterns of long.short related to poetic meters early step to rhythmic notation 6 modes; LS, SL, LSS, SSL, LL, SSS
44
Notre Dame Schoole
composers school; two bigs Leonin , | Perotin
45
Leonin
polyphony first known, Paris 12th Century, 2part organum, organal and discant style. Magnus Liber Organi (The great book of organum)
46
Perotin
Notre Dame 13th Century expanded polyphony 3-4part substitute clausuae replace organum Leonin
47
Notre Dame
Paris constructed late 12th-early 13th Century admin lots of light with windows
48
Haec Dies Organum
Notre Dame style organum Leonin, 1175 soloist and choir 2 voices Organal Haec Dies, MonoQuamfecit, Organal Confitemini, Discant Domino quoniam, Organal bonus quoniam. rythmic modes used discant clausulae Domin and quoniam
49
Polytextual Motet
13th Century, added text to upper voice in melismatic passages in organum combined sacred and secular, double meanings, mixed lanugagues step to polyphony 3 voice, bottom cantus firmus primary internvals, upper faster crossed
50
Motet
vocal with or without instrum. | often polytext in 13th C, sacred or secular
51
ostinato
obstinate Italian, persistent | repeated rhythm or melody extended period
52
countertenor
high male voice, pure tone strong early music performance more common falsetto out of normal range
53
O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies
polytext motet, 13th Century, Virgin Mary poems, Latin, 3 voice Three texts similar ending, short phrases intercesssion Mary top; praise Mary immaculate middle, this day bottom top and middle share same range, crossing tenor melisma, upper voices syllabic
54
Middle Ages population
high middle ages 1000-1250 population boom | warm period, end of viking, arab expansions, fuedalism started, clearing of marshes forest.
55
Monophonic Chanson
french song not much notated, not preserved aristocractic poet musicians trouveres, troubadours songbook chanonniers monophonic, modal, strophic form, instrum improvised courtly love chivarly 12 and 13th century
56
strophic
song structure same music dif versus poem
57
trouvere
finder, inventor..french | aristocratic northn France courtly love
58
troubadour
southern France aristocrat
59
jongleurs
entertainers, lower class, court jesters, storytellers
60
Minnesinger
singers of love, German, like troubadour
61
psaltery
Medieval string instrument trapezoidal soundbox gut strings plucked strings indoors
62
dulcimer
Medieval string instrument, wooden soundbox struck gut strings hammers indoors
63
vielle
Medieval violin figure-8 body bowed indoors
64
drone
sustained pitch harmonic support folk music
65
ce fut en mai general notes
``` Monoit d'Arras 1213-1239 St. Vaast abbey France monk courtly trouvere strophic monophonic chanson secular poem knight courting saddens narrator who lost his love, others pray for him ```
66
ce fut en mai music notes
5 verses 12 lines each SSL SSL MML MML internal AABB structure stanza rhyme A: open mediant, B closed tonic 9th range message is sullen music is jolly - no connection
67
Polyphonic Chanson
14th century more secular High point middle ages - foreshadowed Renaissance music could start patching poetry Ars Nova Philippe de Vitry described changes in music and art more notation, clearer harmonies easier
68
Philippe de Vitry
``` 1291-1361 French composer, poet Bishop Meaux Ars nova 1322 describes musical language innovations rhytm notation; imperfect divisions isorhythm ```
69
Ars nova
new art Latin treatise 1322 14th century point of reference older = ars antiqua
70
rondeau
poetic form polyphonic chanson Ars nova 4 versus +refrain AB aA ab AB first words repeated
71
musica ficta
false music Latin modal performance late middle ages renaissance raise pitches semitone avoid undesirable intervals accidentals
72
isorhythm
Ars nova compositional device equal rhythm combines melody and thrym patterns colour and talea overlapping than coinciding
73
hocket
hoquet french hiccup | melodic line shared bw two voices jumps back and forth
74
Guillaume de Machaut
1300-1377 poet and musician celebrated Frnech Ars nova sacred and secular working Princes Kings Church complete works perserved
75
Puis qu'en oubli
mid 14th century Machaut secular poem and msuic old French Since I am forgotten by you, polyphonic three voice never again expereiance love joy since rejection
76
Puis qu'en oubli music notes
``` three voices, all newly composed rondeau structure, poetic music matching syllabic and neumatic text two lower same range cross parts 3rd and 6th used slow triple meter binary subdivisions top voice active rhythm some syncopation ```
77
Guillaume de Machaut style
``` French Ars Nova sacred secule more intervals sophis counterpoint syncopation hocket isorhythm mono and polyphonic - mono continue tradition longer works more complex first complete polyphonic mass ```
78
Guillaume de Machaut titles
Messe de Nostre Dame (polyphonic mass) 23 Motets Hareu! Hareu! Chansons mono poly Rose, lizl Douce dame jolie
79
Messe de Nostre Dame
Mass of our Lady Machaut four voices polyphonic mass isorythm motives creates unity longest works
80
Instrumental music Middle ages notes
instrument no place at church except organ folks played instrument, didn't perserve or write down music instruments no std improvised mostly largely illiterate world fanfares, dance, miliatry
81
bas
french low - indoor | dulcimer, lute psaltery, rebec records vielle
82
haut
french high - outdoor | cornetto crumhorn sackbut shawm
83
lute
guitar ancestor | middle-Eastern, plucked fretted, accomp singer
84
rebec
pear shared bowed string 3 string arm or under chin
85
recorder
endblow wind, diff lengths finger holes remained popular
86
cornetto
ancestor of trumpet cow horn - wood
87
crumhorn
doublereed wind J shaped outdoor
88
sackbut
ancestor of trombone old french pull push outdoor
89
shawm
acenstor of oboe middle-Eastern double reed shril nasal tone
90
guitarra moresca
Moorish guitar north africa strummed
91
Medieval pipe
flute ancestor | three hole wind mouthpiece
92
nakers
percussion middle-Eastern pairs kettlerums like
93
tabor
percussion large cylindrical drum
94
portative organ
small keyboard high pitch pipes | bellw pump organetto
95
positive organ
14th century remain Reniassance larger portative ancesotry of harmonium keyboard no pedals small pipe
96
regal
14th century portable organ harmonium ancestor reeds instead of pipes, keyboard strap around neck bellows pump
97
Medeival Dance Music
``` improvisation based functional social dance later stylized 13th century notation strted monophonic, modal, improvised estampie, saltarello, ronde, basse dance sectional structure ```
98
estampie
Medieval dance stately elaborate body movements couples dance
99
heterophonic texture
simulat variationl same melod diff ways same time | two more voices additions improvised
100
Chansonnier du Roy
Songbook of the King, french manuscript 13th century anony traubadour and trouvere, 8 mono dances Royal Estampie No 4
101
Royal Estampie No. 4
dance late 13th centry monophonic sectional open and closed endings various instruments dorian repeat or end with section structure add embellishments narrow melodic range likely improvised accomp.

RCM History 2 (5 decks)

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