Unit One - Intro to Critical Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

What is logic?

A
  • technique of reasoning or providing reasoned accounts
  • foundational field in traditional models of education
  • field concerned w/ improving one’s own character + abilities
  • field of study concerned w/ understanding, analysis, + communication of info
  • field concerned w/ skills of analyzing, synthesizing, organizing + assessing info
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2
Q

Models of Persuasion

A

3 general ways of motivating ppl to accept your claims

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3
Q

Logos

A

Persuade ppl by offering compelling reason for ur claim

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4
Q

Ethos

A

Persuade by establishing ur character as one that ppl will place trust in

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5
Q

Pathos

A

Persuade by appealing to ppl’s emotions in a way that makes them emotionally committed to ur claim

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6
Q

Rhetoric

A

Art of reasoning

- involves studying how to make use of all 3 models of persuasion

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7
Q

Logic

A

Art of reasoning

-studying how to make use of one model of persuasion = logos

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8
Q

Epistemic Significance

A

Standard which provides a reliable guide for understanding what is objectively true about world

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9
Q

Practical significance

A

Provides us w/ the means of coming to agreements that are not based on coercion

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10
Q

Coercion

A

Persuading ppl by virtue of power you have over them

-claims that ppl assent to will be those claims which are supported by ppl w/ most power

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11
Q

Logos

A

Persuading ppl by virtue of sharing w/ them a recognition of external standard of belief providing by reasoning
-claims that ppl assent to will be independent of Qs of who has most power

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12
Q

Personal significance

A

Provides the means of forming one’s own beliefs in a way that is independent of power + exercised over one’s thinking by culture, society, etc

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13
Q

Critical thinking

A

Systematic evaluation/formulation of beliefs/statements by rational standards

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14
Q

Systematic

A

Proceeds according to particular standards + methods

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15
Q

Evaluative + formative

A

Aims to assess beliefs + to form/revise beliefs

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16
Q

Rational standard

A

Rule guiding C.T is that beliefs ought to be supported by good reasons

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17
Q

Descriptive approach

A

Describe situations + causes that led to a given belief being formed

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18
Q

Normative approach

A

Assess beliefs based on whether they are reasonable

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19
Q

Analytic interpretation

A

Act of translating piece of natural language into a clearly understood argument

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20
Q

Natural language

A

Describes the presentation of info as we normally encounter it in written + spoken sources

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21
Q

Statement

A

Assertion that something is or is not that case

22
Q

Rhetoric question

A

Natural language written as if were a question but intended to make a statement

23
Q

Thesis

A

Claim trying to establish

24
Q

Justification

A

Claim offer as a reason for thesis

25
Argument
Group of statements in which some of them are intended to support another of them
26
Premise
Statement that give rational support in argument (justification) Good premise = true/acceptable Bad premise = false/unacceptable
27
Conclusion
Statement that is rationally supported in argument (thesis) Good conclusion = true/acceptable Bad conclusion = false/unacceptable
28
Inference
Relationship of rational support which connects statements that give this support to statement that is supported by it Good inference = valid/strong Bad inference = invalid/weak
29
Argument
Good argument = sound/cogent - only if: 1) all premise true/acceptable AND 2) it's inference = valid/strong Bad argument = unsound/un-cogent - only if: 1) any premise false/unacceptable OR 2) it's inference is invalid/weak
30
Standard form
standardized way of presenting an argument makes it clear what statements are involved, and which statements are premises while which statements are conclusions.
31
Simple arguments
arguments that do not contain any intermediate conclusions
32
Complex arguments
arguments that contain one or more intermediate conclusions
33
Intermediate conclusion
statement which functions as conclusion of one simple argument - also function as premise of another simple argument
34
Dependent premises
premises support conclusion jointly any premise is set of dependent premises offers support to conclusion when combined w/ other dependent premises in the set
35
Independent premises
premises support conclusion individually any premise which is independent offers support to conclusion regardless of the presence/absence of any other premises
36
Deductive inferences
conclusion is meant to necessarily follow from the premises
37
good deductive inference
valid - valid when conclusion must be true if premises are true (else; invalid)
38
good deductive argument
sound - sound when; 1) inference = valid and 2) premises = true/acceptable
39
Inductive inferences
when conclusion is meant to probably but no necessarily follow from the premises
40
good inductive inference
strong | - strong when conclusion is prob true if the premises are true (else weak)
41
good inductive argument
cogent - cogent when; 1) inference is strong and 2) premises are true/acceptable (else un-cogent)
42
implicit premise
statement which functions as premise in given argument but hasn't actually been written/spoken when argument is given
43
implicit conclusion
statement which functions as premise in given argument but which hasn't actually been written/spoken when argument is given
44
enthymeme
argument that contains one/more implicit premises/conclusions
45
principle of charity
methodological presumption made in seeking to understand a point of view whereby we seek to understand it in its strongest, most persuasive form before subjecting the view to evaluation
46
principles of coherence
should try to interpret the arguer as espousing a logically consistent position
47
principles of correspondence
We should try to interpret the arguer as arguing about the same phenomenon we would be expect a generally reasonable person to be concerned with in their situation.
48
humanity principle
We should try to interpret the arguer as having the beliefs about the phenomenon in question that would be held by a generally reasonable person in their situation
49
straw man fallacy
distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying someone else's position so it can be more easily attacked or criticized When our interpretations of arguments are not consistent with the principle of charity
50
Subjective relativism
Thesis that what is true can always vary from person to person as depends on what they believe
51
Social relativism
Thesis that what is true can always vary form society to next as depends on what society recognizes
52
Philosophical relativism
Thesis that rational standard don’t provide us w/ the grounds for assessing, forming, or revising our beliefs