unit one Flashcards
what is the primary industry?
the extraction of raw materials from the ground or the sea
give some examples of primary jobs
farming, fishing, forestry and farming
what is the secondary industry?
the manufacturing of goods using the raw material from primary industries
give some examples of secondary jobs
steel making, chemical industries, car manufacturing and construction
what is the tertiary industry?
an industry that does not produce anything but involves the provision of different services to people and other industries
give some examples of tertiary jobs
banking, insurance, retail, schools and hospitals
what is the quaternary industry?
the knowledge based sector, mainly found in HIC’s
give some examples of quaternary jobs
information, communication technology and research and development
what are the three stages of the clarke-fisher model?
- the preindustrial phase
- the industrial phase
- the post industrial phase
describe stage one of the clarke-fisher model (the pre-industrial stage)
- the stage of most LIC’s
- upwards of 70% of the population are in primary sector jobs which is the extraction of raw materials and agriculture
describe stage two of the clarke fisher model (the industrial stage)
- the phase of most NEE’s such as china/mexico.
- secondary industries are at their peak but still just below 50%
- primary industries are declining
describe stage three of the clarke fisher model (the post industrial stage)
- the stage of most HIC’S such as the UK
- quaternary industries are established and important
- secondary and primary industries decline
- tertiary services rise
what is an example of a country in the pre industrial stage?
rowanda
what is an example of a country in the industrial stage?
- malaysia and south korea
what is an example of a country that is in the post industrial stage?
the UK
what are some examples of countries that don’t fit the clarke fisher model
UAE (dubai) is still in the pre-industrial stage yet is a HIC
China is in the industrial stage yet is a HIC not an NEE/LIC
how many people were employed in Britain’s coal mines in the 1920s
1.2 million
why does the UK import coal from other countries such as Russia and Columbia?
it is much cheaper than to mine it locally e.g. in 2012 96% of our coal was imported
what did maragret thatcher do in 1984?
announced the closure of 20 coal mines with a loss of 20,000 jobs
other than maragret thatcher, why else did coal mines decline?
negative public perceptions, particularly to do with climate change and global warming
the development of cleaner renewable energy sources
when did 20 coal mines close in the UK?
1984
why did primary employment decline?
mechanisation
how long would it take a farmer to plough one acre in 1914 compared to now?
1914 - one day using horses
2024 - <15 minutes using a tractor
what are the positives of mechanisation?
- higher yeild of crops
- more efficient so more money is generated
what are the negatives of mechanisation?
- people have lost jobs
- increased number of CO2 emissions
- rise in suicide rates due to loneliness
how many people were employed in agriculture in 1841 compared to 2011
1841 - one in five workers
2011 - less than one in one hundred
why was there a decline in secondary employment?
deindustrialisation
what is deindustrialisation?
a decline in the manufacturing industry resulting in less secondary sector employment
why has deindustrialisation occurred in the UK?
- globalisation
- multi-national companies
- new production technology
- loss of competitiveness
- lack of investment
what is globalisation?
the share of materials across the world and the increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and economies across the world
what has globalisation been driven by?
technology and multi national companies
what is global shift?
the movement of manufacturing from MEDCs to the developing world
why do companies source manufacturing from NEE’s
- lower labour costs
- fewer employment laws
- hard working and well educated workforces
- cheaper land
- government incentives such as low levels of taxation and export fees
when did dyson move their manufacturing?
2000
where did dyson move their manufacturing from and to?
from: malmesbury, UK to malaysia
why did dyson move from britain to malaysia?
manufacturing was much cheaper in malaysia and the lower labour costs expected profits to rise to £40 million in 2003
what is the case study for global shift?
dyson
apart from global shift, what else has led to the decline in the secondary industry?
mechanisation and robotization.
what issues might a factory have being located in an inner city?
- more expensive land
- clean air zones
- congestion
what happened to interest rates in the 1970s and 1980s?
they were very high - around 10% causing a lack of investment as they had to pay extortionate interest rates (e.g. 110%)
what is the case study for the decline in the british car industry?
British Leyland
how many people were employed in british leyland in 1975?
128, 000
why did the British Leyland decline?
the workforce went on strike over working conditions. Birmingham had 500 strikes in 30 months
