Unit III Part B: Structural Notes Flashcards
partitive singular for “some part of” case ending
-a/-ä, -ta/-tä
good day
hyvää päivää
would you like some coffee?
saako olla kahvia?
i waited for the elevator for 10 minutes
odotin hissiä 10 minuuttia
the coffee is hot
kahvi on kuumaa
i would drink some tea
juon teetä
well, if there’s some beer
no, jos on olutta
how to form words in the partitive case?
attach -a/-ä, -ta/-tä to the strong grade nominative
if the word ends in -e or in a consonant, then attach the ending to the weak grade
(partitive) good
hyvää
(partitive) coffee
kahvia
(partitive) elevator
hissiä
(partitive) day
päivää
(partitive) hot
kuumaa
(partitive) floor
lattiaa/ta
(partitive) kitchen
keitiöä/tä
(partitive) radio
radio/ta
(partitive) tea
teetä
(partitive) beer
olutta
(partitive) beautiful
kaunista
(partitive) butter
voita
(partitive) worst
pahinta
(partitive) family
perhettä
(partitive) paragraph/piece
kappaletta
when should you use the partitive case?
to express "some" or "any" in greetings as the object in negative sentences with cardinal numbers as subject or object with verbs expressing emotion with verbs indicating frequent action with certain other verbs to indicate ongoing action if theres a doubt about the outcome of an action
to love
rakastaa
to hate
vihata
to admire
ihailla
to envy
kadehtia
to despise
halveksia
to detest
inhota
to watch
katsella
to practice
harjoitella
to listen
kuunnella
to study
opiskella
to think
ajatella
to prepare
valmistella
to wait
odottaa
to help
auttaa
to disturb
häiritä
to look at
katsoa
i am buying a book
ostan nyt kirjaa
i am waiting for some mail from America
odotan postia amerikasta
mikä tämä on? (count nouns: nominative)
what is this?
it’s a bottle/the bottle is good
se on pullo/pullo on hyvä
it’s a glass/the glass is new
se on lasi/lasi on uusi
it’s a cake/the cake is delicious
se on kakku/kakku on herkullinen
what is this? (mass nouns: partitive)
mitä tämä on?
it’s water/water is cold
se on vettä/vesi on kylmää
it’s beer/beer is good
se on olutta/olut on hyvää
it’s cake/ the cake is delicious
se on kakkua/kakku on herkullista
what is the glass like?
minkälainen lasi on?
what is water like?
minkälaista vesi on?
the beer is cold
olut on kylmää
is the glass clean?
onko lasi puhdas?
____are in the singular after “ei ole”
predicate noun and adjective
there is no change in ____/____ when sentence negation occurs
preducate noun and adjective
this is a car/this is not a car
tämä on auto/tämä ei ole auto
that’s coffee/that’s not coffee
tuo on kahvia/tuo ei ole kahvia
that’s a hot bottle/that’s not a hot bottle
se on kuuma pullo/se ei ole kuuma pullo
how to form the accusative for personal pronouns and “kuka”?
replace the genitive ending with t
whom do you know?
kenet tunnet?
pekka knows me, you, him, her, us, You, them
pekka tuntee minut, sinut, hänet, hänet, meidät, teidät, heidät
how to form the accusative for singular nouns?
add n to ending
i know pekka
tunnen pekan
i will buy a car
ostan auton
buy a car!
ostakaa auto!
how to form the accusative for plural nouns
it’s the same as the nominative plural
we met the boys in a cafe
tapasimme pojat kahvilassa
total object vs partial object
total: uses “the”, “a”, a whole of something, will do something
partial: uses “some”, “a”, etc…, a part of something, is doing something
do you know bob wilson?
tunnetteko bob wilsonin?
could i have a dry martini?
saisinko kuivan marinin?
read chapter three at home
lukekaa kotona luku kolme
breakfast is served in the dining room
aamiainen tarjoillaan ruokasalissa
i must mail the letter
minun täytyy panna kirje postiin
i know him
tunnen hänet
i already had some sandwich cake
otin jo voileipäkakkua
could i have some water?
saisinko vettä
i don’t know bob wilson
en tunne bob wilsonia
breakfast is not served on sundays
aamiaista ei tarjoilla sunnuntaina
i don’t have to mail the letter
minun ei tarvitse lähettää kirjettä
don’t close the door!
älä sulje ovea!
i don’t know him/her
en tunne häntä
i’ll buy the bread
ostan leivän
i’ll read a/the paper
luen lehden
i’ll buy some bread
ostan leipää
i am reading a/the paper
luen lehteä
when to use and how to form a partial object
use the partitive case (when the action of the verb affects the object only partially, the action is incomplete)
when to use and how to form a total object?
(use when the action of the verb affects the object entirely, the action is complete). use for:
- genitive-like accusatives
- nominative-like accusatives
- accusative singulars for personal pronouns and who
when to form total object with nominative like:
with 1st and 2nd person imperative, as the plural total object in the passive voice as the object of the i infinitive with "must", "have to"
i’ll read a/the paper
luen lehden
read the paper, pekka
lue lehti, pekka
read the paper, boys
lukekaa lehti, pojat
let’s read the paper
Lukekaamme lehti
i’ll read the papers
luen lehdet
the papers will be read
lehden luetaan
read the papers
lue lehdet
the papers have been read
lehdet on luettu
the papers will be read
Lehdet luetaan
it’s nice to read a new paper
on mukava lukea uusi lehti
i must read the paper
minun täytyy lukea
he has read the paper
hänen pitää lukea lehti
how to form total object
it’s always in the partitive, partitive forms are regular
i won’t read the paper
en lue lehteä
don’t read the paper
älä lue lehteä
the paper won’t be read
lehteä ei lueta
papers won’t be read
lehtiä ei lueta
whom doesn’t pekka know?
ketä pekka ei tunne?
pekka doesn’t know…me, you him/her, us, You, them
pekka ei tunne…minua, sinua, häntä, meitä, teitä, heitä
on what street is the post office?
millä kadulla posti on?
is it on this street?
onko se tällä kadulla?
no, it’s on that street
ei ole, se on tuolla kadulla
my office is also on that street
toimistoni on myös sillä kadulla
what/which (nom)
mikä
what/which (gen)
minkä
what/which (part)
mitä
what/which (iness)
missä
what/which (elat)
mistä
what/which (illat)
mihin
what/which (adess)
millä
what/which (ablat)
miltä
what/which (allat)
mille
what/which (essive)
minä
what/which (transl)
miksi
this (nom)
tämä
this (gen)
tämän
this (part)
tätä
this (iness)
tässä
this (elat)
tästä
this (illat)
tähän
this (adess)
tällä
this (ablat)
tältä
this (allat)
tälle
this (essive)
tänä
this (transl)
täksi
that (nom)
tuo
that (gen)
tuon
that (part)
tuota
that (iness)
tuossa
that (elat)
tuosta
that (illat)
tuohon
that (adess)
tuolla
that (ablat)
tuolta
that (allat)
tuolle
that (essive)
tuona
that (transl)
tuoksi
it/the (nom)
se
it/the (gen)
sen
it/the (part)
sitä
it/the (iness)
siinä
it/the (elat)
siitä
it/the (illat)
siihen
it/the (adess)
sillä
it/the (ablat)
siltä
it/the (allat)
sille
it/the (essive)
sinä
it/the (transl)
siksi
when is “se” used?
- to answer a -ko/kö question
- to refer back to a noun that’s already been mentioned
- when followed by a relative clause
do you like that house? i like it.
pidätkö tuosta talosta? pidän siitä
tuossako kioskissa vaihdetaan valuuttaa?
siina.
halvaisin tuota kahvia
minäkin otan sitä
first infinitive of verbs
the basic form of verbs
may i introduce?
saanko esitellä?
nice to meet you
hauska tavata
can i call from here?
voinko soittaa täältä?
would you like to taste “table” beer?
haluaisitteko maistaa pöytäkaljaa?
how to form the first infinitive?
two different endings used to denote “to”:
- a/ä
- da/dä
- ta/tä (after s only)
to taste
maistaa
to reside
asua
to drink
juoda
to be able to
voida
to get
saada
to take
viedä
to eat
syödä
how to add da/dä in words that have l/r/n?
the “d” in da/dä is assimilated with the l/r/n
to come
tulda
to put
panda
to bite
purda
to introduce
esiteldä
to listen
kuunnelda
to study
opiskelda
to get up
nousta
to wash
pestä
to promise
luvata
to meet
tavata
if a verb ends in a vowel and ta/tä
only the a/ä is the infinitive ending and t is part of the stem
