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Anatomy & Physiology II > Unit III > Flashcards

Unit III Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System
functions

A

MAIN-produce urine and perform functions
-adjusting blood volume and pressure
-regulating blood plasma concentrations
-stabilizing blood pH
-conserving valuable nutrients by preventing their loss in urine
-removing drugs and toxins from bloodstream

–accomplish all these functions by producing urine

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2
Q

What do you have to break through to get to the kidneys?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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3
Q

What is the outermost layer of kidneys called?

A

Fibrous/renal capsule

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4
Q

Process of urine leaving kidney

A

Leaves through hilum –> ureter –> urinary bladder

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5
Q

Renal corpuscle
glomerulus - what does it contain

A

Glomerulus: knot of capillaries with fenestrae
-afferent arteriole (takes blood in)
-efferent arteriole (takes blood out)

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6
Q

Renal Corpuscle
glomerular capsule - what does it contain

A

Glomerular capsule: two layers of epithelium
-visceral: in contact, layer of podocytes
-parietal: layer of simple squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Renal tubule
what is it

A

surrounded by peritubular capillaries

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8
Q

_______ _______ is top half; _____ _______ is bottom half

A

Renal cortex; renal medulla

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9
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is ____ ______ + ______ ______

A

Juxtaglomerular cells; macula densa

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10
Q

Where is the juxtraglomerular apparatus located?

A

Next to afferent arteriole (branches off it)

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11
Q

Renal sinus

A

an internal cavity within the kidney

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12
Q

Renal pelvis

A

large, funnel shaped chamber that collects urine from major calyces

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13
Q

Major calyces

A

fusion of 4-5 minor calyces

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14
Q

Minor calyces

A

at tips of pyramid - collect urine produced by single kidney lobe

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15
Q

Renal medulla

A

extends from the renal cortex to the renal sinus and contains 6-18 pyramids

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16
Q

Renal columns

A

band of granular tissue that separates adjacent pyramids

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17
Q

Renal cortex

A

superficial region of the kidney; in contact with fibrous capsules

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18
Q

Types of Nephrons

A

Cortical Nephrons 80% - primarily in renal cortex
Juxtamedullary Nephrons 20%

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19
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons Info

A

-Corpuscles are low in the cortex/columns
-nephron loops are long, in the medulla, and surrounded by vasa recta capillaries
-function in water conservation (urine concentration)!!

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20
Q

Pathway for blood flow into kidneys

A

abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery

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21
Q

Blood vessels associated in the nephron (blood flow in nephron)

A

afferent arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephrons)

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22
Q

Pathway for blood flow leaving kidneys

A

cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, segmental vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava

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23
Q

Tubular Reabsorption of Electrolytes and Water
what is reabsorbed by active transport?
what is attracted to what?
as concentration of ions (solute) increases in plasma…?
water moves from ____ ____ to capillary by ____?

A

-sodium ions
-negatively charged ions attracted to positively charged ions
-osmotic pressure increases
-proximal tubule; osmosis

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24
Q

How much urine do you typically make a day?
How much do you get rid of?
What happens to the rest?

A

180L a day
get rid of 0.6-2.5L a day
most urine is reabsorbed

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25
The descending limb (three things) what does it do
-permeable to water -impermeable to solutes -solute concentration increases
26
The ascending limb (three things) what does it do
-impermeable to water -selectively permeable to Na+ and Cl- -solute concentration decreases
27
Metabolites and Nutrients (glucose, lipids, proteins) in blood plasma and urine
higher levels in blood plasma as you want to keep those nutrients -tubular reabsorption occurs
28
Nitrogenous Wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia) in blood plasma and urine
higher levels in urine as you want to get rid of those wastes
29
Increased urine volume = ? what kind of urine concentration what happens to blood and blood volume
decreased urine concentration decreased blood volume and pressure
30
Decreased urine volume ? what kind of urine concentration what happens to blood and blood volume
increased urine concentration increased blood volume and pressure
31
If your BP is too high ?
body needs to make more urine
32
If your BP is too low ?
drink more fluids
33
Autoregulation for BP
homeostasis disturbed = dilation of afferent arterioles, contraction of mesangial cells, constriction of efferent arterioles
34
blood concentrations decrease due to _______ and increase due to _____ and _______
tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion; concentration
35
Central regulation
juxtaglomerular complex increases production of renin - renin activates angiotensin I which is then activated to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the capillaries of the lungs --angiotensin II triggers aldosterone and increases Na+ retention, and triggers neural responses (increased stimulation of thirst and ADH production) ---all increase blood volume and pressure
36
Angiotensinogen slide
liver produces angiotensinogen , kidney releases renin, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and then converted to angiotensinogen II by angiotensinogen converting enzyme (ACE) that is produced in lungs --causes vasoconstriction, increased aldosterone secretion, increased thirst, increased ADH secretion
37
Dialysis def
-procedure used to adjust composition of blood when number of functioning nephrons is too few to keep up (kidney failure)
38
what are the two main causes of kidney failure?
diabetes and hypertension
39
hemodialysis what does it use def average of how often
-uses artificial kidney -wastes and excess ions from the blood cross a dialysis membrane into a dialysis solution -average 3 times a week/ 3-4 hours per session
40
Peritoneal dialysis def solution being replaced?
-dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity and peritoneal membranes serve as the dialysis membrane -dialysis solution is periodically replaced -person does this at home
41
Elimination urine pathway
Nephron -> collecting duct -> renal papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra (carries out)
42
Ureters what kind of epithelium how does urine move to urinary bladder one way valve?
2 ureters transitional epithelium -muscularis produces peristaltic contractions that move urine to urinary bladder -one way valve occurs at ureter-urinary bladder junction
43
Urinary Bladder function what kind of epithelium what is muscularis is called ?
-urine storage and elimination -transitional epithelium -muscularis is called the detrusor muscle
44
Urethra transports? sphincters?
-transports urine in males and females -transports semen in males -internal and external urethral sphincters control movement of urine ----stratified squamous epithelium
45
______ muscle contracts _________ urine _________ pressure
detrusor; increasing; hydrostatic
46
_______ from the brain cause _________ of the _________ urethral ____________ internal = _______ control
impulses; relaxation; internal; sphincter involuntary
47
________ urethral sphincter _________ external = ______ control
external; relaxes voluntary
48
Types of hormones
1. steroid 2. prostaglandins (local hormones) 3. nonsteroid (proteins, peptides, amino acid deriatives)
49
steroid hormones (2 things)
-synthesized from cholesterol -lipid soluble
50
prostaglandins (local hormones) - 3 things
-synthesized from fatty acid -lipid soluble -diffuse through tissue fluid to neighboring cells
51
nonsteroid (2 things)
synthesized from amino acids most are water soluble
52
Modes of hormone action
1. steroid and thyroid 2. protein and polypeptide
53
Steroid and thyroid hormones info can they cross? where is hormone receptor what does it promote what is held responsible
-cross plasma membrane -hormone receptor in cytoplasm and/or nucleus -promore gene expression -gene products responsible for hormone action
54
Protein and polypeptide hormones info where is hormone receptor what activates what serves as second messenger
-hormone receptor on cell membrane -binding activates G protein -Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium serves as second messenger that is responsible for hormone action
55
Hypothalamus hormones what do they target and what is action
1. Releasing hormone targets anterior pituitary lobe, action = promotes anterior pituitary hormone secretion 2. Release inhibiting hormone targets anterior pituitary lobe, action = inhibits anterior pituitary hormone secretion
56
what hormones are made from anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) lutenizing Hormone (LH)
57
growth hormone targets action
various targets promotes growth through cell division, cell growth, and bone lengthening
58
prolactin targets action
mammary glands promotes milk production (anterior pituitary)
59
thyroid stimulating hormone targets action
thyroid gland stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
60
adrenocorticotripic hormone targets action
adrenal cortexes stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
61
Follicle stimulating hormone targets action
gonads promotes follicle development in females (estrogen and progesterone secretion) and sperm production in males
62
Lutenizing hormone targets action
gonads stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation in females (progesterone and estrogen secretion) and testosterone secretion in males
63
what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
64
antidiuretic hormone targets action
DCT, collecting ducts promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
65
oxytocin targets action
uterus, mammary glands stimulates uterine contraction and milk release
66
what hormones does the thyroid release
thyroid hormones ----thyroxine and triiodothyronine calcitonin
67
thyroid hormones targets action
various stimulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and protein synthesis *regulated by TSH and negative feedback
68
Calcitonin targets action
bones, nephrons decreses blood calcium level
69
Parathyroids secrete
parathyroid hormone
70
Parathyroid hormone PTH targets action
bones, nephrons, small intestine increase blood calcium level *stimulates osteoclasts, tubular reabsorption)

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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