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Anatomy & Physiology II > Unit II Review > Flashcards

Unit II Review Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation Signs

A

-redness and heat: increase in blood flow
-swelling: increased capillary permeability
-pain: tissue fluid pressure and inflammatory chemicals

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2
Q

Margination

A

WBC sticking to endothelium during inflammation

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3
Q

Antigen

A

molecule capable of binding to T or B cell receptor

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4
Q

T Cell Activation

A

requires foreign antigen to have APC

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5
Q

APC

A

typically is an infected cell, B cell, or macrophage
-must have MHC with it (Class I or II)

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6
Q

What does the ER produce?

A

Class II MHC proteins and then fragments bind -> displayed on plasma membrane

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7
Q

Abnormal peptides from Class I are displayed by?

A

Class I MHC proteins on plasma membrane

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8
Q

Helper T Cells

A

activation requires APC
effector cells secrete cytokines
they help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

activation requires exposure to antigen and cytokine stimulation
-cancer/infected cells secrete perforin = produce memory cells

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10
Q

Memory T Cells

A

results in more cytotoxic T cells

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11
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity Steps

A
  1. pathogen enters body + phagocytized by APC
  2. antigen presented to T cell = secretes cytokines
  3. cytokines activate cytotoxic T cell
  4. proliferation occurs = destroy cells that are infected
  5. differentiation = produces memory cells
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12
Q

B Cells

A

-activation requires exposure to antigen, cytokines from helper T cell
-differentiation = plasma proteins (secrete antibodies) and memory cells

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13
Q

Antibodies

A

gamma globulin plasma proteins
four polypeptides (2 heavy, 2 light)
regions (constant = same antibody, variable = different)
two binding sites

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14
Q

Antibody-Mediated Summary Steps

A
  1. B cell binds to and engulfs antigen
  2. B cell displays antigen to helper T cell
  3. helper T cell secretes cytokines to activate B cell
  4. proliferation and differentiation occur
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15
Q

Nutrients

A

substances we get energy and building materials from

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16
Q

Digestive Tract Wall

A

-Mucosa: SCE, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae — function: secretion, absorption, protection
-Submucosa: dense irregular connective tissue
-Muscularis Externa: inner circular, outer longitudinal layers — function: mixing movements, propelling, peristalsis, segmentation (small intestine)
-Serosa: SSE and areolar tissue

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17
Q

Tongue
Components

A

papillae with taste buds
lingual frenulum
lingual tonsils

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18
Q

Salivary Glands
Names

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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19
Q

Salivary Glands
Secretions

A

-Serous cell: cleanses mouth, salivary amylase beings carbohydrate digestion, lysozyme destroys bacteria

-Mucous: buffers pH, provides lubrication, binds food into bolus

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20
Q

During swallowing…

A

tongue pushes bolus to oropharynx
uvula blocks nasopharynx
epiglottis blocks opening to larynx

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21
Q

Esophagus
job

A

transport bolus from pharynx to larynx
passes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
appears collapsed

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22
Q

Stomach
functions

A

mix food with gastric juice to form chyme
chemical digestion of proteins begins
limited absorption
distention and storage

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23
Q

Stomach
structures

A

rugae
oblique muscle layer
greater and lesser curvatures
regions - cardium, fundus, body, pylorus

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24
Q

Stomach
gastric glands

A

gastric glands secrete gastric juice through gastric pits

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25
Q

Gastric juice components

A

Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
Parietal cells - secrete HCl (converts pepsinogen to pepsin), secrete factor for b12 absorption
G cells - secrete gastrin

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26
Q

Regulation of Gastric Juice Secretion
mechanisms

A
  1. Neural: parasympathetic impulses promote, sympathetic impulses inhibit
  2. Hormonal: gastrin promotes secretion, CCK + gastric inhibitory peptide + secretin = inhibit gastrin secretion
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27
Q

Regulation of Gastric Juice Secretion
Phases

A
  1. Cephalic: parasympathetic impulses stimulate
  2. Gastric: stretching of stomach stimulates, gastrin stimulates secretion
  3. Intestinal (chyme enters small intestine): intestinal gastrin stimulates, CCK + secretin + gastric inhibitory peptide = inhibit gastric secretion
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28
Q

Small Intestine Structure

A

-regions: duodenum (25cm), jejunum (2+m), ileum (3+m)
-circular folds, villi, microvilli increase surface absorption area
-villus contains capillaries and lateal
-intestinal glands occur at base of villi
-digestive enzymes are bound to microvilli

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29
Q

Small Intestine Function

A

-chemical digestion of proteins, lipid, carbohydrates
-absorption = monosaccharides and amino acids cross mucosa -> move into capillaries -> transported to liver by hepatic portal vein
-secretion: watery fluid to dissolve chemicals, mucus for protection, digestive hormones

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30
Q

Fats collect in clusters encased in proteins to form…

A

chylomicrons

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31
Q

Large Intestine Functions

A

-compaction and defecation
-mucus secretion: protects tissues, neutralizes pH, bind feces
-absorption: water by osmosis, electrolytes by active transport

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32
Q

Large Intestine Parts

A

-cecum with appendix (ileocecal valve)
-colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
-rectum and anal canal

33
Q

Large Intestine Wall Structure

A

mucosa = SCE
no villi
longitudinal muscle bands = teniae coli
pouches = haustra

34
Q

Liver Structure

A

-branches from hepatic artery = O2 input
-branches from hepatic portal vein = nutrient input
-liver sinusoids
-central vein (output leading to hepatic vein that leads to inferior vena cava)

35
Q

Main Functions of Liver

A

-synthesizing plasma proteins/clotting factors
-phagocytizing damaged RBC
-storing blood and inactivating toxins

36
Q

Primary Liver Digestive Functions
BG

A

-maintenance of blood glucose level (controlled by insulin and glucagon)
–glycogensis = glucose -> glycogen
–glycogenlysis = glycogen -> glucose
–glyconeogenesis = making of glucose

37
Q

Primary Liver Digestive Functions
Protein

A

-protein metabolism
–deamination of amino acids and production of urea
–amino acid conversion
–plasma protein synthesis

38
Q

Primary Liver Digestive Functions
Bile

A

-bile secretion
–functions as emulsifier
–associates with lipid forming nutrients
–lipase works at surface to digest lipids

39
Q

Gallbladder
Function
Ducts
Gallstones
Bile release

A

-stores and concentrates bile
-ducts: cystic, hepatic, common hepatic, common bile, hepatopancreatic ampulla/sphincter
-gallstones form when cholesterol precipitates
-bile release stimulated by CCK

40
Q

Pancreas
duct work

A

-pancreatic duct -> hepatopancreatic ampulla/sphinter -> lumen of duodenum

41
Q

What do hepatic ducts do?

A

Carry bile from the liver

42
Q

Pancreatic Juice components

A

Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Nucleases

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

43
Q

What is the common bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct + cystic duct

44
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic amupulla?
function

A

common bile + pancreatic duct
empties bile and pancreatic secretions into duodenum

45
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion

A

acidic chyme in duodenum causes it to secrete…
CCK = stimulates pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
Secretin = stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions

46
Q

Pancreas
Secretions for digestive and endocrin

A

Digestive (exocrine): secretion of pancreatic juice into small intestine
Endocrine: secretion of insulin and glucagon into blood

47
Q

Components of Respiration (5)

A

ventilation
external respiration
transportation
internal respiration
cellular respiration

48
Q

Ventilation

A

breathing

49
Q

External Respiration

A

gas exchange in pulmonary capillaries

50
Q

Transportation

A

gases between the lungs and body cells

51
Q

Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange in the systemic capillaries

52
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

production of ATP using energy from nutrient molecules

53
Q

Salivary Amylase
source
location of action
substrates
products
notes

A

serous cells
mouth
starch, glycogen
maltose
carbohydrate digestion

54
Q

Pepsin
source
location of action
substrates
products
notes

A

stomach
stomach
protein
peptides
secretes as pepsinogen - activated by HCl

55
Q

Sucrase
source
location of action
substrates
products
notes

A

small intestine
small intestine
digests sucrose
glucose, fructose
brush-border enzyme

56
Q

Maltase
source
location of action
substrates
products
notes

A

small intestine
small intestine
digests maltose
glucose, glucose
brush-border enzymes

57
Q

Lactase
source
location of action
substrates
products
notes

A

small intestine
small intestine
digests lactose
glucose, galactose
brush-border enzyme

58
Q

Peptidases
source
location of action
substrates
products
notes

A

small intestine
small intestine
peptides
amino acids
brush border enzyme

59
Q

Intestinal Lipase
source
location of action
substrates
products
notes

A

small intestine
small intestine
triglycerides
fatty acid and monoglyceride
brush border enzyme

60
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A

-area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
-protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes
-defending system from invasion of pathogens
-producing sounds for speaking, singing

61
Q

What type of epithelium in the pharynx

A

SSE

62
Q

Small branches of bronchi - what kind of epithelium

A

Cuboidal epithelium

63
Q

Respiratory Structures
upper

A

-nose with nares (opening to nasal cavity)
-nasal cavity with septum and nasal meatuses
-pharynx

64
Q

Respiratory Structures
lower

A

-larynx (voice box)
–thyroid and cricoid cartilage
–epiglottis and glottis
–vocal cords
-trachea with tracheal cartilages
-bronchial tree
-lungs

65
Q

Bronchial Tree
all components

A

-Primary bronchi = 1 per lung
-Secondary Bronchi = 1 per lung
-Tertiary Bronchi = 1 per bronchopulmonary segment

Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles

Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs = 1 per alveolar duct
Alveoli (300 million) = site for external respiration

66
Q

Lungs
location
layers
hilus
lobe amounts

A

-in thoracic cavity, separated by mediastinum
-visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity filled with serous fluid in between
-hilus: region where bronchi and blood vessels enter
-left 2, right 3

67
Q

Lungs
respiratory membrane
alveolar cell types

A

-wall of alveolus + wall of pulmonary capillary - gases diffuse
-type I pneumocytes (aka alveolar cell) = form alveolar wall
-type II pneumocytes (aka alveolar cell) = secrete surfactant (coats lining and decreases surface tension)
-macrophages phagocytize particles

68
Q

Breathing Mechanism
inspiration
what does muscle contraction do to diaphragm and thoracic cage

A

-muscle contraction expands the thoracic cavity
—diaphragm contraction moves diaphragm downward
—external intercostal contraction raises thoracic cage
-visceral pleurae stick to parietal pleurae due to surface tension so thoracic cavity expands

69
Q

Breathing Mechanism
inspiration
pressure on air in lungs does what?
maximal inspiration involves contraction of what?

A

-pressure on air in the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure and air moves to lungs
-maximal inspiration involves contraction of sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor muscles

70
Q

Breathing Mechanism
expiration (exhalation)
breathing muscles relaxed leading to?
normal expiration is what process?
forced expiration is accomplished by?

A

-breathing muscles relax = elastic recoil causes lungs to return to regular size = force air out of lungs
-normal expiration is a passive process
-forced expiration is accomplished by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and the muscles of the abdominal wall

71
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
TV
IRV
IC

A

-Tidal Volume = normal breathing
-Inspiratory Reserve Volume = from normal breathing level and up
-Inspiratory Capacity = normal breathing to inhale as much as you can TV + IRV = IC

72
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
ERV
EC
VC

A

-Expiratory Reserve Volume = from normal breathing level and down
-Expiratory Capacity = normal breathing to let air out TV + ERV = EC
-Vital Capacity = taking a deep breath in and out IRV + TV + ERV = VC (max amount of air exchange at one time)

73
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
RV
TLC

A

-Residual Volume = volume of air left in lungs after forceful respiration (after you exhale as much as you can)
-Total Lung Capacity = VC + RV

74
Q

TV in mL

A

500mL

75
Q

Gas Transport
oxygen gas

A

-hemoglobin (Hb) carries 98%
–oxyhemoglobin
–deoxyhemoglobin
-increased blood CO2, acidity, high temp = promote oxyhemoglobin dissociation in systemic capillaries

76
Q

Gas Transport
carbon monoxide

A

-CO
-product of burning fuel
-Hb has greater affinity for CO than O2

77
Q

Gas Transport
how carbon dioxide is transported

A

-three ways
1. dissolved in plasma 7%
2. bound to amino groups in Hb forming carbaminohemoglobin 23%
3. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma 70%

78
Q

Control of Breathing
respiratory centers
factors affecting respiratory centers

A

-located in brain stem (pons and medulla oblongata)
-sends impulses to muscles involved

-high CO2 or H+ (send impulses faster to get CO2 out)
-low O2

79
Q

Where does chemical digestion of protein begin?

A

Stomach

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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