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Anatomy & Physiology II > Unit II Review > Flashcards

Unit II Review Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation Signs

A

-redness and heat: increase in blood flow
-swelling: increased capillary permeability
-pain: tissue fluid pressure and inflammatory chemicals

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2
Q

Margination

A

WBC sticking to endothelium during inflammation

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3
Q

Antigen

A

molecule capable of binding to T or B cell receptor

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4
Q

T Cell Activation

A

requires foreign antigen to have APC

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5
Q

APC

A

typically is an infected cell, B cell, or macrophage
-must have MHC with it (Class I or II)

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6
Q

What does the ER produce?

A

Class II MHC proteins and then fragments bind -> displayed on plasma membrane

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7
Q

Abnormal peptides from Class I are displayed by?

A

Class I MHC proteins on plasma membrane

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8
Q

Helper T Cells

A

activation requires APC
effector cells secrete cytokines
they help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

activation requires exposure to antigen and cytokine stimulation
-cancer/infected cells secrete perforin = produce memory cells

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10
Q

Memory T Cells

A

results in more cytotoxic T cells

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11
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity Steps

A
  1. pathogen enters body + phagocytized by APC
  2. antigen presented to T cell = secretes cytokines
  3. cytokines activate cytotoxic T cell
  4. proliferation occurs = destroy cells that are infected
  5. differentiation = produces memory cells
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12
Q

B Cells

A

-activation requires exposure to antigen, cytokines from helper T cell
-differentiation = plasma proteins (secrete antibodies) and memory cells

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13
Q

Antibodies

A

gamma globulin plasma proteins
four polypeptides (2 heavy, 2 light)
regions (constant = same antibody, variable = different)
two binding sites

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14
Q

Antibody-Mediated Summary Steps

A
  1. B cell binds to and engulfs antigen
  2. B cell displays antigen to helper T cell
  3. helper T cell secretes cytokines to activate B cell
  4. proliferation and differentiation occur
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15
Q

Nutrients

A

substances we get energy and building materials from

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16
Q

Digestive Tract Wall

A

-Mucosa: SCE, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae — function: secretion, absorption, protection
-Submucosa: dense irregular connective tissue
-Muscularis Externa: inner circular, outer longitudinal layers — function: mixing movements, propelling, peristalsis, segmentation (small intestine)
-Serosa: SSE and areolar tissue

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17
Q

Tongue
Components

A

papillae with taste buds
lingual frenulum
lingual tonsils

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18
Q

Salivary Glands
Names

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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19
Q

Salivary Glands
Secretions

A

-Serous cell: cleanses mouth, salivary amylase beings carbohydrate digestion, lysozyme destroys bacteria

-Mucous: buffers pH, provides lubrication, binds food into bolus

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20
Q

During swallowing…

A

tongue pushes bolus to oropharynx
uvula blocks nasopharynx
epiglottis blocks opening to larynx

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21
Q

Esophagus
job

A

transport bolus from pharynx to larynx
passes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
appears collapsed

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22
Q

Stomach
functions

A

mix food with gastric juice to form chyme
chemical digestion of proteins begins
limited absorption
distention and storage

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23
Q

Stomach
structures

A

rugae
oblique muscle layer
greater and lesser curvatures
regions - cardium, fundus, body, pylorus

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24
Q

Stomach
gastric glands

A

gastric glands secrete gastric juice through gastric pits

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25
Gastric juice components
Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen Parietal cells - secrete HCl (converts pepsinogen to pepsin), secrete factor for b12 absorption G cells - secrete gastrin
26
Regulation of Gastric Juice Secretion mechanisms
1. Neural: parasympathetic impulses promote, sympathetic impulses inhibit 2. Hormonal: gastrin promotes secretion, CCK + gastric inhibitory peptide + secretin = inhibit gastrin secretion
27
Regulation of Gastric Juice Secretion Phases
1. Cephalic: parasympathetic impulses stimulate 2. Gastric: stretching of stomach stimulates, gastrin stimulates secretion 3. Intestinal (chyme enters small intestine): intestinal gastrin stimulates, CCK + secretin + gastric inhibitory peptide = inhibit gastric secretion
28
Small Intestine Structure
-regions: duodenum (25cm), jejunum (2+m), ileum (3+m) -circular folds, villi, microvilli increase surface absorption area -villus contains capillaries and lateal -intestinal glands occur at base of villi -digestive enzymes are bound to microvilli
29
Small Intestine Function
-chemical digestion of proteins, lipid, carbohydrates -absorption = monosaccharides and amino acids cross mucosa -> move into capillaries -> transported to liver by hepatic portal vein -secretion: watery fluid to dissolve chemicals, mucus for protection, digestive hormones
30
Fats collect in clusters encased in proteins to form...
chylomicrons
31
Large Intestine Functions
-compaction and defecation -mucus secretion: protects tissues, neutralizes pH, bind feces -absorption: water by osmosis, electrolytes by active transport
32
Large Intestine Parts
-cecum with appendix (ileocecal valve) -colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) -rectum and anal canal
33
Large Intestine Wall Structure
mucosa = SCE no villi longitudinal muscle bands = teniae coli pouches = haustra
34
Liver Structure
-branches from hepatic artery = O2 input -branches from hepatic portal vein = nutrient input -liver sinusoids -central vein (output leading to hepatic vein that leads to inferior vena cava)
35
Main Functions of Liver
-synthesizing plasma proteins/clotting factors -phagocytizing damaged RBC -storing blood and inactivating toxins
36
Primary Liver Digestive Functions BG
-maintenance of blood glucose level (controlled by insulin and glucagon) --glycogensis = glucose -> glycogen --glycogenlysis = glycogen -> glucose --glyconeogenesis = making of glucose
37
Primary Liver Digestive Functions Protein
-protein metabolism --deamination of amino acids and production of urea --amino acid conversion --plasma protein synthesis
38
Primary Liver Digestive Functions Bile
-bile secretion --functions as emulsifier --associates with lipid forming nutrients --lipase works at surface to digest lipids
39
Gallbladder Function Ducts Gallstones Bile release
-stores and concentrates bile -ducts: cystic, hepatic, common hepatic, common bile, hepatopancreatic ampulla/sphincter -gallstones form when cholesterol precipitates -bile release stimulated by CCK
40
Pancreas duct work
-pancreatic duct -> hepatopancreatic ampulla/sphinter -> lumen of duodenum
41
What do hepatic ducts do?
Carry bile from the liver
42
Pancreatic Juice components
Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipase Nucleases Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase
43
What is the common bile duct?
common hepatic duct + cystic duct
44
What is the hepatopancreatic amupulla? function
common bile + pancreatic duct empties bile and pancreatic secretions into duodenum
45
Hormonal Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
acidic chyme in duodenum causes it to secrete... CCK = stimulates pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes Secretin = stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions
46
Pancreas Secretions for digestive and endocrin
Digestive (exocrine): secretion of pancreatic juice into small intestine Endocrine: secretion of insulin and glucagon into blood
47
Components of Respiration (5)
ventilation external respiration transportation internal respiration cellular respiration
48
Ventilation
breathing
49
External Respiration
gas exchange in pulmonary capillaries
50
Transportation
gases between the lungs and body cells
51
Internal Respiration
gas exchange in the systemic capillaries
52
Cellular Respiration
production of ATP using energy from nutrient molecules
53
Salivary Amylase source location of action substrates products notes
serous cells mouth starch, glycogen maltose carbohydrate digestion
54
Pepsin source location of action substrates products notes
stomach stomach protein peptides secretes as pepsinogen - activated by HCl
55
Sucrase source location of action substrates products notes
small intestine small intestine digests sucrose glucose, fructose brush-border enzyme
56
Maltase source location of action substrates products notes
small intestine small intestine digests maltose glucose, glucose brush-border enzymes
57
Lactase source location of action substrates products notes
small intestine small intestine digests lactose glucose, galactose brush-border enzyme
58
Peptidases source location of action substrates products notes
small intestine small intestine peptides amino acids brush border enzyme
59
Intestinal Lipase source location of action substrates products notes
small intestine small intestine triglycerides fatty acid and monoglyceride brush border enzyme
60
Functions of Respiratory System
-area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood -protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes -defending system from invasion of pathogens -producing sounds for speaking, singing
61
What type of epithelium in the pharynx
SSE
62
Small branches of bronchi - what kind of epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
63
Respiratory Structures upper
-nose with nares (opening to nasal cavity) -nasal cavity with septum and nasal meatuses -pharynx
64
Respiratory Structures lower
-larynx (voice box) --thyroid and cricoid cartilage --epiglottis and glottis --vocal cords -trachea with tracheal cartilages -bronchial tree -lungs
65
Bronchial Tree all components
-Primary bronchi = 1 per lung -Secondary Bronchi = 1 per lung -Tertiary Bronchi = 1 per bronchopulmonary segment Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs = 1 per alveolar duct Alveoli (300 million) = site for external respiration
66
Lungs location layers hilus lobe amounts
-in thoracic cavity, separated by mediastinum -visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity filled with serous fluid in between -hilus: region where bronchi and blood vessels enter -left 2, right 3
67
Lungs respiratory membrane alveolar cell types
-wall of alveolus + wall of pulmonary capillary - gases diffuse -type I pneumocytes (aka alveolar cell) = form alveolar wall -type II pneumocytes (aka alveolar cell) = secrete surfactant (coats lining and decreases surface tension) -macrophages phagocytize particles
68
Breathing Mechanism inspiration what does muscle contraction do to diaphragm and thoracic cage
-muscle contraction expands the thoracic cavity ---diaphragm contraction moves diaphragm downward ---external intercostal contraction raises thoracic cage -visceral pleurae stick to parietal pleurae due to surface tension so thoracic cavity expands
69
Breathing Mechanism inspiration pressure on air in lungs does what? maximal inspiration involves contraction of what?
-pressure on air in the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure and air moves to lungs -maximal inspiration involves contraction of sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor muscles
70
Breathing Mechanism expiration (exhalation) breathing muscles relaxed leading to? normal expiration is what process? forced expiration is accomplished by?
-breathing muscles relax = elastic recoil causes lungs to return to regular size = force air out of lungs -normal expiration is a passive process -forced expiration is accomplished by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and the muscles of the abdominal wall
71
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities TV IRV IC
-Tidal Volume = normal breathing -Inspiratory Reserve Volume = from normal breathing level and up -Inspiratory Capacity = normal breathing to inhale as much as you can TV + IRV = IC
72
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ERV EC VC
-Expiratory Reserve Volume = from normal breathing level and down -Expiratory Capacity = normal breathing to let air out TV + ERV = EC -Vital Capacity = taking a deep breath in and out IRV + TV + ERV = VC (max amount of air exchange at one time)
73
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities RV TLC
-Residual Volume = volume of air left in lungs after forceful respiration (after you exhale as much as you can) -Total Lung Capacity = VC + RV
74
TV in mL
500mL
75
Gas Transport oxygen gas
-hemoglobin (Hb) carries 98% --oxyhemoglobin --deoxyhemoglobin -increased blood CO2, acidity, high temp = promote oxyhemoglobin dissociation in systemic capillaries
76
Gas Transport carbon monoxide
-CO -product of burning fuel -Hb has greater affinity for CO than O2
77
Gas Transport how carbon dioxide is transported
-three ways 1. dissolved in plasma 7% 2. bound to amino groups in Hb forming carbaminohemoglobin 23% 3. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma 70%
78
Control of Breathing respiratory centers factors affecting respiratory centers
-located in brain stem (pons and medulla oblongata) -sends impulses to muscles involved -high CO2 or H+ (send impulses faster to get CO2 out) -low O2
79
Where does chemical digestion of protein begin?
Stomach

Anatomy & Physiology II (13 decks)

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