Unit I Flashcards
Hematology
Study of blood and blood producing tissue
Blood is a _____ tissue?
Connective
How does bloods connective tissue differ from others?
It’s matrix (plasma) is fluid, lacking fibers, not produced by tissue’s cells
How many liters of blood does the average adult have?
4-6 Liters
Formed elements (cells and cell fragments) are what percent of blood composition?
45%
What are red blood cells (RBC) aka?
Erythrocytes
What do erythrocytes (RBC) do?
Transport oxygen gas
What are white blood cells (WBC) aka?
Leukocytes
What do leukocytes (WBC) do?
Protect against infection
What are platelets aka?
Thrombocytes
What do platelets (aka thrombocytes do)?
Cell fragments that prevent blood loss following injury to vessel
What is the production of blood cells called?
Hematopoiesis
Cells are produced in ____ ______ ______ from ______________ ______ _______
red bone marrow; hematopoietic stem cells
Plasma = fluid component is what percent of blood composition?
55%
What is is called when something separates cellular and fluid components?
Centrifuging
Plasma composition rankings
Water 92%, plasma proteins 7%, other solutes 1%
Plasma proteins
Albumins (main osmotic pressure), Globulins (antibodies, transport), Fibrinogen (coagulation - blood clot formation)
What does hemoglobin do?
transport oxygen in RBC
RBC shape and info
biconcave disk shape, smooth and flexible, no nucleus at maturity (amitotic), 5.2 million/mm^3
Anemia
any condition in which ability of the blood to transport oxygen gas is diminished
Hemoglobin Terms
Oxyhemoglobin - bright red - binds to oxygen (ex. poking yourself)
Deoxyhemoglobin - dark red - releases oxygen (ex. going to a lab and seeing tubes of blood)
Structure of hemoglobin
4 polypeptides total
-> 2 are alpha chains
-> 2 are beta chains
4 heme groups containing iron (ringed molecule)
RBC Life Cycle
-Low blood oxygen stimulates liver and kidneys to secrete erythropoietin which targets red bone marrow and promotes erythropoiesis (making RBC)
-Damaged or worn RBC are destroyed and pass through spleen and liver after 120 days
-Macrophages phagocytize remains
RBC Surface Antigens
genetically determined cell surface recognition molecules that can cause an immune response to individuals lacking those antigens
Antibodies
plasma proteins from B- cells that can bind to foreign antigens
Agglutination
insoluble clump of antibodies bound to antigens on RBC surfaces
ABO blood typing
has antigens A and B and antibodies anti-A and anti-B
Rh blood typing
Antigen D and antibody anti-D
What is the rule for receiving blood?
A person cannot receive cells that have antigens to which his/her antibodies can bind
White Blood Cells info
nucleate cells that protect body against infection, 7000/mm^3, may live for many years, function primarily outside of cardiovascular system/blood vessels -> margination, emigration, positive chemotaxis
Granulocytes
Neutrophils (most common), Eosinophils, Basophils (rarest)
Neutrophil
round cell, nucleus may resemble string of beads
Eosinophil
round cell, nucleus generally has two lobes, cytoplasm contains large granules that stain bright red, increases with infections
Basophil
round cell, nucleus generally cannot be seen - enters damaged tissues and promotes inflammation
Agranulocytes
Monocyte, lymphocyte
Monocyte
very large cell, nucleus is kidney bean shaped, become macrophages
Lymphocytes
round nucleus, very little cytoplasm
What is RhoGAM used for?
-Women who are 28 weeks and within 72 hrs of delivery who have the potential to be Rh sensitized
-consists of synthetic anti-D antibodies that bind to fetal blood cells that have entered mom’s system and prevent mom’s WBC from encountering them
Platelets info
small fragments of megakaryocytes, live 10 days on average, 350,000/mm^3, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and coagulation, stick to broken or punctured blood vessels forming a platelet plug (temporarily stops blood)
Heart Structure
Fist-sized organ in mediastinum of thoracic cavity, wall has three layers , surrounded by pericardial sac containing serous fluid filled pericardial cavity
Walls of heart
-Endocardium - endothelium - innermost
-Myocardium - cardiac muscle
-Epicardium - visceral pericardium - outermost
Heart Structure (continued)
-Top is base, bottom is apex
-Four chambers pump blood
-Sulci mark borders between chambers on heart surface
– anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
– coronary sulcus
Atria (Heart Chamber)
separated by the interatrial septum and lined with branching muscle bands called pectinate muscle
Right atrium (in and out)
-Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae
-pumps blood to the right ventricle
Left atrium (in and out)
-Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
-Pumps blood to left ventricle
Ventricles
separated by the interventricular septum and lined with interconnecting muscle bands called trabeculae carneae
Right ventricle (in and out)
-Receives blood from right atrium
-Pumps blood to pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
Left ventricle (in and out)
-Receives blood from the left atrium
-Pumps blood to aorta
Atrioventricular valves
Lie between atrium and ventricle on each side of heart, attached to papillary muscles, tricuspid and bicuspid
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic - between left ventricle and aorta
Cardiac Cycle
events that accompany the production of a heartbeat
Systole
Chamber contraction
Diastole
Chamber relaxation
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
-Recording of electrical activity that accompanies cardiac cycling
ECG Events
-> P Wave = atrial depolarization
-> QRS Complex = ventricular depolarization
-> T Wave = ventricular repolarization
Normal range of resting heart rates
60-100 BPM
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
Tachycardia
Fast heart rate
Control of Cardiac Cycling (Extrinsic) - Endocrine info
-Endocrine System - adrenal medulla hormones increase heart rate and contraction strength – epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted
Control of Cardiac Cycling (Extrinsic) - Autonomic nervous system info
-nerve fibers from cardiac centers connect with nodes
-Two ANS components
–> sympathetic fibers (fight or flight) - speed heart up
–> parasympathetic fibers (rest and digest) - slow heart down
Names of blood vessels
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
Blood Vessel Wall (arteries, larger arterioles, veins)
-Tunica intima: endothelium and smooth surface
-Tunica media: smooth muscle tissue layer allows for contraction (vasoconstriction) and relaxation (vasodilation)
-Tunica externa: elastic connective, dense, allows for strength and stretchy
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart, blood flow is due to ventricular contraction
Arterioles
range from just visible to naked eye to microscopic, carry blood to capillaries
Capillaries
wall is endothelium, may be continuous or fenestrated, occur in networks called capillary beds, have precapillary sphincters, exchanges occur as result to filtration diffusion and osmosis
Venule
microscopic vessels leading to veins
Veins
carry blood to heart, blood flow is due to skeletal muscle contraction and vasoconstriction, function as blood reservoirs
Blood Pressure
pressure of blood on artery wall oscillates with ventricular systole/diastole
Systolic pressure
maximum pressure during ventricular systole
Diastolic pressure
minimum pressure during ventricular diastole
Pulse
distention and recoil of arteries
Hypertension
cause of chronic high BP
common causes of chronic high BP
-increased heart action - stroke volume and cardiac output
-increased peripheral resistance - vasoconstriction and vasodilation, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis
-excess blood volume
-increased blood viscosity
atherosclerosis
narrowing of arteries
arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries
Control of BP
-Cardiac control center –> regulates BP by adjusting cardiac output
-Vasomotor control center –> in the medulla oblongata, regulates by adjusting peripheral resistance, sends sympathetic impulses causing tonic contraction, increasing rate causes constriction and decreasing causes dilation
Circuits of blood flow
Pulmonary and systemic
Pulmonary Circuit
transports blood from heart to the lungs and back to heart
-right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium
Systemic circuit
transports blood from the heart to the body tissues back to the heart
-left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic capillaries, superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium
Coronary circulation
component of systemic circuit that supplies heart with blood
-left ventricle, aorta, right and left coronary arteries, anterior and posterior interventricular arteries, capillaries, cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right atrium
Coronary Artery Disease
-blockage of coronary arterial circulation
Coronary artery disease causes
-plaque deposition in arterial wall (makes lumen smaller)
-thrombus - blood clot in vessel
-embolus - mobile blood clost, fatty mass, or air bubble blocks blood vessel
Oxygen depletion can result in
-angina pectoris - chest pain
-myocardial infraction - heart attack
Hepatic (liver) Circulation
component of the systemic circuit that supplies the liver with blood
hepatic circulation inputs
-left ventricle, aorta, hepatic artery, hepatic capillaries
-left ventricle, aorta, splenic and mesenteric arteries, capillaries of the spleen and small intestine, hepatic portal vein, hepatic capillaries
hepatic circulation output
hepatic vein (carries nutrients), inferior vena cava, right atrium
Fetal Circulation info
fetus receives O2 across placenta and does not need as much blood through pulmonary circuit
five main differences
Fetal circulatory adaptations
umbilical vein, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein location and function (fetal)
umbilical cord
transport oxygenated blood into the fetus
Ductus venosus location and function (fetal)
liver
bypass liver capillaries - shortcut
Foramen ovale location and function (fetal)
interatrial septum
bypass pulmonary circuit-send to left atrium
Ductus arteriosus location and function (fetal)
between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
bypass pulmonary circuit - goes to aorta
Umbilical arteries location and function (fetal)
umbilical cord
transport deoxygenated blood to placenta
Pathway for blood entering fetus
placenta - umbilical vein, ductus venosus, inferior vena cava, right atrium
Pathway for blood leaving fetus
aorta, common iliac arteries, internal iliac arteries, umbilical arteries (2), placenta
Lymphatic system major organs
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
lymphatic system functions
return tissue fluid to the blood
absorb and transport lipids
protect against disease
Body fluids (plasma)
fluid component of blood, leaks out of capillaries, becomes interstitial fluid
body fluids (interstitial or tissue fluids)
surrounds cells
similar to plasma but lacks large plasma proteins
enters lymphatic capillaries due to pressure, becomes lymph
body fluids (lymph)
flows in lymphatic vessels
returns water and solutes to blood
delivers pathogens to lymph nodes
—- separates the two atria; lined with branching muscle bands called —–
interatrial septum; pectinate
—- separates the two ventricles; lined with interconnecting muscle bands called —-
interventricular septum; trabeculae carnae
Right atrium receives what kind of blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae
deoxygenated
left atrium receives what kind of blood from the 4 pulmonary veins
oxygenated
cardiac cycle duration
0.8 seconds, rate = 75 bpm
SA node
upper right corner of atrium
pacemaker producing 75 impulses/minute
impulses cross atria and cause atrial systole
AV Node
base of interatrial septum
receives impulses from SA node and transmits new impulses down interventricular septum
AV bundle and bundle branches
transmit impulses down interventricular septum to apex
Purkinje fibers
transmit impulses up walls causing ventricular systole
Cardiac arrhythmias
abnormal ECG patterns or intervals can indicate damage to the CCS
Continuous capillaries
endothelium is a complete lining - permits diffusion of water, other materials into surrounding interstitial fluid but prevent loss of blood cells and plasma proteins
Fenestrated capillaries
have pores in vessel wall; found in kidneys, intestines, etc.
Excess blood volume means
greater pressure
Universal recipent ABO type
AB
Universal donor ABO typing
O
Rh factor present on A surface means it is
A+
Rh factor not on A surface means it is
A-
Rh factor not on B surface means it is
B-
Rh factor present on B surface means it is
B+
AB factor Rh present
AB+
Rh factor present on O means it is
O+
Rh factor not present on AB means it is
AB-
Rh factor not present on O means it is
O-
those with AB blood have what on surface and what for antibodies
have antigens A and B
no antibodies
those with O blood have what on surface and what for antibodies
no antigens
A and B antibodies
If you’re positive for Rh can you receive blood from positive and negative?
yes
If youre negative Rh - then what can you receive
only negative blood
What does lymphatic circulation consist of?
lymphatic capillaries, vessels, trunks, and ducts
Lymphatic capillaries
closed ended, walls of overlapping endothelial cells, intermesh with capillary beds
Lymphatic vessels
structurally similar to veins and have valves, larger vessels have lymph nodes
Lymphatic trunks
named for body region that they drain
Lymphatic ducts (2 kinds)
Thoracic: empties into left subclavian vein
Right lymphatic: empties into right subclavian vein
Lymph Nodes
one inch long, oval structures of reticular connective
-structures: lymph flow, subcapsular space contains macrophages and dendritic cells, B cells, medullary sinus contains b cells
-functions: remove harmful substances from lymph, immune surveillance
Thymus
-bilobed structure in mediastinum
-divided into lobules that contain lymphocytes
-some lymphocytes mature into T cells which leave the thymus
-secretes thymosin hormones to stimulate T cell maturation
-reaches maximum size near puberty and then decreases with age (involution)
Spleen
Upper left part of abdominal cavity
-divided into lobules
—-white pulp = splenic nodules containing lymphocytes
—-red pulp = venous sinuses containing RBC
functions - remove RBC from circulation, filter blood, immune surveillance
