Unit I Flashcards
1
Q
Hematology
A
Study of blood and blood producing tissue
1
Q
Blood is a _____ tissue?
A
Connective
2
Q
How does bloods connective tissue differ from others?
A
It’s matrix (plasma) is fluid, lacking fibers, not produced by tissue’s cells
3
Q
How many liters of blood does the average adult have?
A
4-6 Liters
4
Q
Formed elements (cells and cell fragments) are what percent of blood composition?
A
45%
5
Q
What are red blood cells (RBC) aka?
A
Erythrocytes
6
Q
What do erythrocytes (RBC) do?
A
Transport oxygen gas
7
Q
What are white blood cells (WBC) aka?
A
Leukocytes
8
Q
What do leukocytes (WBC) do?
A
Protect against infection
9
Q
What are platelets aka?
A
Thrombocytes
10
Q
What do platelets (aka thrombocytes do)?
A
Cell fragments that prevent blood loss following injury to vessel
11
Q
What is the production of blood cells called?
A
Hematopoiesis
12
Q
Cells are produced in ____ ______ ______ from ______________ ______ _______
A
red bone marrow; hematopoietic stem cells
13
Q
Plasma = fluid component is what percent of blood composition?
A
55%
14
Q
What is is called when something separates cellular and fluid components?
A
Centrifuging
15
Q
Plasma composition rankings
A
Water 92%, plasma proteins 7%, other solutes 1%
16
Q
Plasma proteins
A
Albumins (main osmotic pressure), Globulins (antibodies, transport), Fibrinogen (coagulation - blood clot formation)
17
Q
What does hemoglobin do?
A
transport oxygen in RBC
18
Q
RBC shape and info
A
biconcave disk shape, smooth and flexible, no nucleus at maturity (amitotic), 5.2 million/mm^3
19
Q
Anemia
A
any condition in which ability of the blood to transport oxygen gas is diminished
20
Q
Hemoglobin Terms
A
Oxyhemoglobin - bright red - binds to oxygen (ex. poking yourself)
Deoxyhemoglobin - dark red - releases oxygen (ex. going to a lab and seeing tubes of blood)
21
Q
Structure of hemoglobin
A
4 polypeptides total
-> 2 are alpha chains
-> 2 are beta chains
4 heme groups containing iron (ringed molecule)
22
Q
RBC Life Cycle
A
-Low blood oxygen stimulates liver and kidneys to secrete erythropoietin which targets red bone marrow and promotes erythropoiesis (making RBC)
-Damaged or worn RBC are destroyed and pass through spleen and liver after 120 days
-Macrophages phagocytize remains
23
Q
RBC Surface Antigens
A
genetically determined cell surface recognition molecules that can cause an immune response to individuals lacking those antigens
24
Antibodies
plasma proteins from B- cells that can bind to foreign antigens
25
Agglutination
insoluble clump of antibodies bound to antigens on RBC surfaces
26
ABO blood typing
has antigens A and B and antibodies anti-A and anti-B
27
Rh blood typing
Antigen D and antibody anti-D
28
What is the rule for receiving blood?
A person cannot receive cells that have antigens to which his/her antibodies can bind
29
White Blood Cells info
nucleate cells that protect body against infection, 7000/mm^3, may live for many years, function primarily outside of cardiovascular system/blood vessels -> margination, emigration, positive chemotaxis
30
Granulocytes
Neutrophils (most common), Eosinophils, Basophils (rarest)
31
Neutrophil
round cell, nucleus may resemble string of beads
32
Eosinophil
round cell, nucleus generally has two lobes, cytoplasm contains large granules that stain bright red, increases with infections
33
Basophil
round cell, nucleus generally cannot be seen - enters damaged tissues and promotes inflammation
34
Agranulocytes
Monocyte, lymphocyte
35
Monocyte
very large cell, nucleus is kidney bean shaped, become macrophages
36
Lymphocytes
round nucleus, very little cytoplasm
37
What is RhoGAM used for?
-Women who are 28 weeks and within 72 hrs of delivery who have the potential to be Rh sensitized
-consists of synthetic anti-D antibodies that bind to fetal blood cells that have entered mom's system and prevent mom's WBC from encountering them
38
Platelets info
small fragments of megakaryocytes, live 10 days on average, 350,000/mm^3, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and coagulation, stick to broken or punctured blood vessels forming a platelet plug (temporarily stops blood)
39
Heart Structure
Fist-sized organ in mediastinum of thoracic cavity, wall has three layers , surrounded by pericardial sac containing serous fluid filled pericardial cavity
40
Walls of heart
-Endocardium - endothelium - innermost
-Myocardium - cardiac muscle
-Epicardium - visceral pericardium - outermost
41
Heart Structure (continued)
-Top is base, bottom is apex
-Four chambers pump blood
-Sulci mark borders between chambers on heart surface
-- anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
-- coronary sulcus
42
Atria (Heart Chamber)
separated by the interatrial septum and lined with branching muscle bands called pectinate muscle
43
Right atrium (in and out)
-Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae
-pumps blood to the right ventricle
44
Left atrium (in and out)
-Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
-Pumps blood to left ventricle
45
Ventricles
separated by the interventricular septum and lined with interconnecting muscle bands called trabeculae carneae
46
Right ventricle (in and out)
-Receives blood from right atrium
-Pumps blood to pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
47
Left ventricle (in and out)
-Receives blood from the left atrium
-Pumps blood to aorta
48
Atrioventricular valves
Lie between atrium and ventricle on each side of heart, attached to papillary muscles, tricuspid and bicuspid
49
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic - between left ventricle and aorta
50
Cardiac Cycle
events that accompany the production of a heartbeat
51
Systole
Chamber contraction
52
Diastole
Chamber relaxation
53
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
-Recording of electrical activity that accompanies cardiac cycling
54
ECG Events
-> P Wave = atrial depolarization
-> QRS Complex = ventricular depolarization
-> T Wave = ventricular repolarization
55
Normal range of resting heart rates
60-100 BPM
56
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
57
Tachycardia
Fast heart rate
58
Control of Cardiac Cycling (Extrinsic) - Endocrine info
-Endocrine System - adrenal medulla hormones increase heart rate and contraction strength -- epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted
59
Control of Cardiac Cycling (Extrinsic) - Autonomic nervous system info
-nerve fibers from cardiac centers connect with nodes
-Two ANS components
--> sympathetic fibers (fight or flight) - speed heart up
--> parasympathetic fibers (rest and digest) - slow heart down
60
Names of blood vessels
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
61
Blood Vessel Wall (arteries, larger arterioles, veins)
-Tunica intima: endothelium and smooth surface
-Tunica media: smooth muscle tissue layer allows for contraction (vasoconstriction) and relaxation (vasodilation)
-Tunica externa: elastic connective, dense, allows for strength and stretchy
62
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart, blood flow is due to ventricular contraction
63
Arterioles
range from just visible to naked eye to microscopic, carry blood to capillaries
64
Capillaries
wall is endothelium, may be continuous or fenestrated, occur in networks called capillary beds, have precapillary sphincters, exchanges occur as result to filtration diffusion and osmosis
65
Venule
microscopic vessels leading to veins
66
Veins
carry blood to heart, blood flow is due to skeletal muscle contraction and vasoconstriction, function as blood reservoirs
67
Blood Pressure
pressure of blood on artery wall oscillates with ventricular systole/diastole
68
Systolic pressure
maximum pressure during ventricular systole
69
Diastolic pressure
minimum pressure during ventricular diastole
70
Pulse
distention and recoil of arteries
71
Hypertension
cause of chronic high BP
72
common causes of chronic high BP
-increased heart action - stroke volume and cardiac output
-increased peripheral resistance - vasoconstriction and vasodilation, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis
-excess blood volume
-increased blood viscosity
73
atherosclerosis
narrowing of arteries
74
arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries
75
Control of BP
-Cardiac control center --> regulates BP by adjusting cardiac output
-Vasomotor control center --> in the medulla oblongata, regulates by adjusting peripheral resistance, sends sympathetic impulses causing tonic contraction, increasing rate causes constriction and decreasing causes dilation
76
Circuits of blood flow
Pulmonary and systemic
77
Pulmonary Circuit
transports blood from heart to the lungs and back to heart
-right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium
78
Systemic circuit
transports blood from the heart to the body tissues back to the heart
-left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic capillaries, superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium
79
Coronary circulation
component of systemic circuit that supplies heart with blood
-left ventricle, aorta, right and left coronary arteries, anterior and posterior interventricular arteries, capillaries, cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right atrium
80
Coronary Artery Disease
-blockage of coronary arterial circulation
81
Coronary artery disease causes
-plaque deposition in arterial wall (makes lumen smaller)
-thrombus - blood clot in vessel
-embolus - mobile blood clost, fatty mass, or air bubble blocks blood vessel
82
Oxygen depletion can result in
-angina pectoris - chest pain
-myocardial infraction - heart attack
83
Hepatic (liver) Circulation
component of the systemic circuit that supplies the liver with blood
84
hepatic circulation inputs
-left ventricle, aorta, hepatic artery, hepatic capillaries
-left ventricle, aorta, splenic and mesenteric arteries, capillaries of the spleen and small intestine, hepatic portal vein, hepatic capillaries
85
hepatic circulation output
hepatic vein (carries nutrients), inferior vena cava, right atrium
86
Fetal Circulation info
fetus receives O2 across placenta and does not need as much blood through pulmonary circuit
five main differences
87
Fetal circulatory adaptations
umbilical vein, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, umbilical arteries
88
Umbilical vein location and function (fetal)
umbilical cord
transport oxygenated blood into the fetus
89
Ductus venosus location and function (fetal)
liver
bypass liver capillaries - shortcut
90
Foramen ovale location and function (fetal)
interatrial septum
bypass pulmonary circuit-send to left atrium
91
Ductus arteriosus location and function (fetal)
between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
bypass pulmonary circuit - goes to aorta
92
Umbilical arteries location and function (fetal)
umbilical cord
transport deoxygenated blood to placenta
93
Pathway for blood entering fetus
placenta - umbilical vein, ductus venosus, inferior vena cava, right atrium
94
Pathway for blood leaving fetus
aorta, common iliac arteries, internal iliac arteries, umbilical arteries (2), placenta
95
Lymphatic system major organs
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
96
lymphatic system functions
return tissue fluid to the blood
absorb and transport lipids
protect against disease
97
Body fluids (plasma)
fluid component of blood, leaks out of capillaries, becomes interstitial fluid
98
body fluids (interstitial or tissue fluids)
surrounds cells
similar to plasma but lacks large plasma proteins
enters lymphatic capillaries due to pressure, becomes lymph
99
body fluids (lymph)
flows in lymphatic vessels
returns water and solutes to blood
delivers pathogens to lymph nodes
100
---- separates the two atria; lined with branching muscle bands called -----
interatrial septum; pectinate
101
---- separates the two ventricles; lined with interconnecting muscle bands called ----
interventricular septum; trabeculae carnae
102
Right atrium receives what kind of blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae
deoxygenated
103
left atrium receives what kind of blood from the 4 pulmonary veins
oxygenated
104
cardiac cycle duration
0.8 seconds, rate = 75 bpm
105
SA node
upper right corner of atrium
pacemaker producing 75 impulses/minute
impulses cross atria and cause atrial systole
106
AV Node
base of interatrial septum
receives impulses from SA node and transmits new impulses down interventricular septum
107
AV bundle and bundle branches
transmit impulses down interventricular septum to apex
108
Purkinje fibers
transmit impulses up walls causing ventricular systole
109
Cardiac arrhythmias
abnormal ECG patterns or intervals can indicate damage to the CCS
110
Continuous capillaries
endothelium is a complete lining - permits diffusion of water, other materials into surrounding interstitial fluid but prevent loss of blood cells and plasma proteins
111
Fenestrated capillaries
have pores in vessel wall; found in kidneys, intestines, etc.
112
Excess blood volume means
greater pressure
113
Universal recipent ABO type
AB
114
Universal donor ABO typing
O
115
Rh factor present on A surface means it is
A+
116
Rh factor not on A surface means it is
A-
117
Rh factor not on B surface means it is
B-
118
Rh factor present on B surface means it is
B+
119
AB factor Rh present
AB+
120
Rh factor present on O means it is
O+
121
Rh factor not present on AB means it is
AB-
122
Rh factor not present on O means it is
O-
123
those with AB blood have what on surface and what for antibodies
have antigens A and B
no antibodies
124
those with O blood have what on surface and what for antibodies
no antigens
A and B antibodies
125
If you're positive for Rh can you receive blood from positive and negative?
yes
126
If youre negative Rh - then what can you receive
only negative blood
127
What does lymphatic circulation consist of?
lymphatic capillaries, vessels, trunks, and ducts
128
Lymphatic capillaries
closed ended, walls of overlapping endothelial cells, intermesh with capillary beds
129
Lymphatic vessels
structurally similar to veins and have valves, larger vessels have lymph nodes
130
Lymphatic trunks
named for body region that they drain
131
Lymphatic ducts (2 kinds)
Thoracic: empties into left subclavian vein
Right lymphatic: empties into right subclavian vein
132
Lymph Nodes
one inch long, oval structures of reticular connective
-structures: lymph flow, subcapsular space contains macrophages and dendritic cells, B cells, medullary sinus contains b cells
-functions: remove harmful substances from lymph, immune surveillance
133
Thymus
-bilobed structure in mediastinum
-divided into lobules that contain lymphocytes
-some lymphocytes mature into T cells which leave the thymus
-secretes thymosin hormones to stimulate T cell maturation
-reaches maximum size near puberty and then decreases with age (involution)
134
Spleen
Upper left part of abdominal cavity
-divided into lobules
----white pulp = splenic nodules containing lymphocytes
----red pulp = venous sinuses containing RBC
functions - remove RBC from circulation, filter blood, immune surveillance
