Unit II Vocabulary Flashcards
An immovable joint
Synarthrosis
A slightly moveable joint
Amphiarthrosis
A freely moveable joint
Diarthrosis
Connective tissue that holds together two bones or a joint
Ligaments
Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
Tendon
Small, thin, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue
Bursae
When a ligament is stretched to the point of tearing some of the collagen fibers
Sprain
Movement in the anterior–posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones
Flexion
Movement in the anterior–posterior plane that increases the angle between articulating bones
Extension
Movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane
Abduction
Movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane
Adduction
Twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole
Inversion
Twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole outward, elevating the lateral edge of the sole
Eversion
Flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole, as when you dig in your heel
Dorsiflexion
Extends the ankle joint and elevates the heel, as when you stand on tiptoe
Plantar flexion
Skull and associated bones, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and upper and lower appendages
Appendicular skeleton
Chamber that supports the brain
Cranial cavity
Air-filled chambers in the skull
Sinuses
Thoracic and sacral curves
Primary curves
Lumbar and cervical curves
Secondary curves
Exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback)
Kyphosis
Anterior exaggeration of the lumbar curve
Lordosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
Ribs which reach the anterior body wall and are connected to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions
True ribs
Ribs that don’t attach directly to the sternum, but fuse with cartilage of rib pair 7
False ribs
Ribs that have no connection to the sternum at all
Floating ribs
The widest and most superior portion of the sternum. Only the first pair of ribs is attached by cartilage to this portion of the sternum
Manubrium
The muscular diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles attach to this portion of the sternum
Xyphoid process
Consists of two S-shaped clavicles and two broad, flat scapulae
Pectoral girdle
The two hip bones make up this
Pelvic girdle
A dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle
Epimysium
Divides the skeletal muscle into a series of compartments
Perimysium
Surrounds the individual skeletal muscle cells, called muscle fibers
Endomysium
Each muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of these cylindrical structures
Myofibrils
A bundle of muscle fibers
Fascicle
Repeating functional units of the myofibrils
Sarcomere
A thin filament containing active sites
Actin
Covers active sites on actin
Tropomyosin
Consists of 3 globular subunits, which bind to actin, tropomyosin, and two calcium ions
Troponin
Thick filaments which bind to active sites on actin
Myosin
A chemical released by a neuron to change the permeability or other properties of another cell’s plasma membrane
Neurotransmitter
A sudden change in the membrane potential that travels along the length of the axon
Action potential
The cytoplasm of the axon terminal contains vesicles filled with this
Acetylcholine
A chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is here that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction
Neuromuscular junction
All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron
Motor unit
The resting tension in a skeletal muscle
Muscle tone
In a muscle - tension increases and the skeletal muscle’s length changes
Isotonic contraction
The muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle shortens
Concentric contraction
The peak tension developed is less than the load, and the muscle elongates due to the contraction of another muscle or the pull of gravity
Eccentric contraction
The muscle as a whole does not change length, and the tension produced never exceeds the load
Isometric contraction
Provides 95 percent of the ATP demands of a resting cell
Aerobic metabolism
The place where the fixed end of a muscle attaches to a bone, cartilage, or connective tissue
Origin
The site where the movable end of a muscle attaches to another structure
Insertion
A muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing a particular movement
Agonist
A muscle whose action opposes that of a particular agonist
Antagonist
Helps a larger agonist work efficiently
Synergist
