Chapter 23 & 24 - Vocabulary Flashcards
The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
Peristalsis
States that in a mixture of non-reacting gases (i.e., the air we breath), the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases (78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, etc.)
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate. Expiration employs only the elastic recoil of the lungs.
Eupnea
Occurs when ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange
Hypoventilation
Increased depth and rate of breathing
Hyperpnea
A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
Hypoxia
Commonly referred to as breathing. It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)
Pulmonary ventilation
An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive system
Pepsin
An enzyme in the saliva that converts starch into dextrin and maltose
Salivary amylase
The process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it
Ingestion
Occurs when the rate and quantity of alveolar ventilation of carbon dioxide exceeds the body’s production of carbon dioxide
Hyperventilation
A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Bile
States that at constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional. Can also be stated in a slightly different manner, that the product of absolute pressure and volume is always constant
Boyle’s Law
The shift of an appreciable proportion of the colonic fecal contents into the rectum in a single process occasioned by contraction of a long segment of colon. It is quickly followed by the desire to defaecate.
Mass movements
A peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas
Gastrin
A condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood
Hypercapnia
The process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body
Digestion
The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter
Excretion
C cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells
Chief cells
Released into the mouth along with the saliva, catalyzes the first reaction in the digestion of dietary lipid, with diglycerides being the primary reaction product
Lingual lipase
A process by which the liver, which receives about 25% of cardiac output, performs a series of functions on the blood. Includes phagocytosis, synthesis of plasma proteins, removal of circulating hormones, and removal of antibodies.
Hematological regulation
A state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypocapnia
The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath
Vital capacity
The pressure inside the respiratory tract, at the alveoli.
Intrapulmonary pressure
The process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth. It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow more efficient break down by enzymes.
Mastication
The amount of oxygen combined with hemoglobin in proportion to the amount of oxygen the hemoglobin is capable of carrying. It is expressed as a percentage of a ratio: content/capacity.
Hemoglobin saturation
Occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells
Internal respiration
A process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ
Secretion
The action or process of swallowing
Deglutition
Occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air
External respiration
Produced in the pancreas, it breaks down certain complex lipids, releasing products (such as fatty acids) that can be easily absorbed
Pancreatic lipase
the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. (In a healthy, young human adult, it is approximately 500 mL per inspiration)
Tidal volume
Produced in the pancreas, they break apart large protein complexes
Pancreatic proteases
The process by which all cells control the chemical processes necessary for life
Metabolic regulation
A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down certain starches.
Pancreatic alpha-amylase