Chapter 23 & 24 - Vocabulary

Question 1

The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Answer 1

Peristalsis

Question 2

States that in a mixture of non-reacting gases (i.e., the air we breath), the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases (78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, etc.)

Answer 2

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Question 3

Normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate. Expiration employs only the elastic recoil of the lungs.

Answer 3

Eupnea

Question 4

Occurs when ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange

Answer 4

Hypoventilation

Question 5

Increased depth and rate of breathing

Answer 5

Hyperpnea

Question 6

A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

Answer 6

Hypoxia

Question 7

Commonly referred to as breathing. It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)

Answer 7

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 8

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive system

Answer 8

Pepsin

Question 9

An enzyme in the saliva that converts starch into dextrin and maltose

Answer 9

Salivary amylase

Question 10

The process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it

Answer 10

Ingestion

Question 11

Occurs when the rate and quantity of alveolar ventilation of carbon dioxide exceeds the body’s production of carbon dioxide

Answer 11

Hyperventilation

Question 12

A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Answer 12

Bile

Question 13

States that at constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional. Can also be stated in a slightly different manner, that the product of absolute pressure and volume is always constant

Answer 13

Boyle’s Law

Question 14

The shift of an appreciable proportion of the colonic fecal contents into the rectum in a single process occasioned by contraction of a long segment of colon. It is quickly followed by the desire to defaecate.

Answer 14

Mass movements

Question 15

A peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas

Answer 15

Gastrin

Question 16

A condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood

Answer 16

Hypercapnia

Question 17

The process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body

Answer 17

Digestion

Question 18

The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

Answer 18

Excretion

Question 19

C cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells

Answer 19

Chief cells

Question 20

Released into the mouth along with the saliva, catalyzes the first reaction in the digestion of dietary lipid, with diglycerides being the primary reaction product

Answer 20

Lingual lipase

Question 21

A process by which the liver, which receives about 25% of cardiac output, performs a series of functions on the blood. Includes phagocytosis, synthesis of plasma proteins, removal of circulating hormones, and removal of antibodies.

Answer 21

Hematological regulation

Question 22

A state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 22

Hypocapnia

Question 23

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

Answer 23

Vital capacity

Question 24

The pressure inside the respiratory tract, at the alveoli.

Answer 24

Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 25

The process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth. It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow more efficient break down by enzymes.

Answer 25

Mastication

Question 26

The amount of oxygen combined with hemoglobin in proportion to the amount of oxygen the hemoglobin is capable of carrying. It is expressed as a percentage of a ratio: content/capacity.

Answer 26

Hemoglobin saturation

Question 27

Occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells

Answer 27

Internal respiration

Question 28

A process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ

Answer 28

Secretion

Question 29

The action or process of swallowing

Answer 29

Deglutition

Question 30

Occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air

Answer 30

External respiration

Question 31

Produced in the pancreas, it breaks down certain complex lipids, releasing products (such as fatty acids) that can be easily absorbed

Answer 31

Pancreatic lipase

Question 32

the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. (In a healthy, young human adult, it is approximately 500 mL per inspiration)

Answer 32

Tidal volume

Question 33

Produced in the pancreas, they break apart large protein complexes

Answer 33

Pancreatic proteases

Question 34

The process by which all cells control the chemical processes necessary for life

Answer 34

Metabolic regulation

Question 35

A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down certain starches.

Answer 35

Pancreatic alpha-amylase