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Biology 20 > Unit E - respiratory system > Flashcards

Unit E - respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What parts of the body are used for breathing

A

The diaphragm (which pushes up) and intercoastal muscles

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2
Q

What does breathing supply the body with

A

Supplies the body with oxygen so that ATP can be formed by cellular respiration

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3
Q

What is respiration

A

The process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells

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4
Q

What is breathing

A

The process that brings oxygen into the lungs and expels carbon dioxide

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5
Q

How many types of respiration are there and what are they

A

Two types: internal respiration (occurs in the lungs) and external respiration (Occurs within the body)

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6
Q

What is the tongue
What is the pharynx
What is the larynx

A

Part of the oral cavity
Throat; collect air from mouth and nose and passes it to the trachea
Voicebox; contains the vocal chords

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7
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Small flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea; closes when food is swallowed

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8
Q

What is the trachea

A

Windpipe; passage leading from pharynx to lungs

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9
Q

What is the cilia

A

Very small hairlike structures that moves mucus containing dust, debris, etc. up into the throat where it can be removed or swallowed

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10
Q

What are bronchi
What are bronchiole
What are Alveoli

A

Main branches of the trachea; tubes that lead into the lungs
Smallest subdivisions of the bronchi
Small air sacs where gas exchange occurs

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11
Q

What are Capillaries

A

Microscopic blood vessels that are embedded in the walls of the alveoli; site of gas exchange

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12
Q

What is the pleural membrane

What is pleural space

A

Thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs

Space between the membrane surrounding the lungs, and lines the inner wall of the chest

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13
Q

What is the diaphragm

What are ribs

A

Strong wall of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
Bones that support and protect the chest cavity; move to a limited degree and help the lungs expand and contract

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14
Q

Describe the path of air

A

Nasal activity, then pharynx, then larynx, then trachea, then bronchi, then bronchioles, then alveoli

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15
Q

What happens to air when it enters through the nasal cavity?

A

Air is warmed, moistened, And cleaned

Hairs filter and trap dust, mucus traps particles

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16
Q

What is the trachea protected by
What is the trachea covered with
What else does the trachea also contain

A

Trachea is protected by the epiglottis
Covered with cilia
Also contains mucus which traps debris

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17
Q

What are bronchioles composed of

A

Smooth muscles which can decrease in diameter

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18
Q

What are alveoli covered in

A

Capillaries

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19
Q

What happens to air after the alveoli

A

The pulmonary vein transports gas in the blood to the heart

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20
Q

Why does pressure in your chest vary

A

Because of the movement of your thoracic cavity

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21
Q

What happens to pressure when your thoracic cavity expands or compresses

A

Expands: pressure drops
Compresses: pressure rises
Gases move from a high area pressure to an area of low pressure

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22
Q

Why do inhaling and exhaling occur

A

Because of the differences between atmospheric pressure and pleural pressure

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23
Q

What is inspiration? When does it occur

A

Inhaling

Occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than it is in the atmosphere

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24
Q

What is expiration? When does it occur

A

Exhaling

Occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than it is in the atmosphere

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25
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A dome shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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26
Q

What causes pressure changes in the chest

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contracting and relaxing

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27
Q

Describe the process of inspiration

A

The diaphragm contracts and moves down
The intercostal muscles contract and move ribs up and out
The chest cavity become bigger and as a result, pleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
Air moves in

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28
Q

Describe the process of expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Intercostal muscles relax and move ribs down and in
Chest cavity is smaller as a result of pleural pressure being higher than atmospheric pressure
Air moves out

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29
Q

What does Dalton’s law of pressure state?

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure independently of all other gases in the mixture.

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30
Q

Why does oxygen diffuse in (rather than out?)

A 
Very high outside (atmosphere)
High in alveoli
Medium in blood
Low in tissues
Therefore O2 diffuses IN
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31
Q

Why does carbon dioxide diffuse out

A 
Very high in tissues
High in blood
Medium in alveoli
Low outside (atmosphere)
Therefore CO2diffuses OUT
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32
Q

Describe the process of oxygen exchange

A
  1. diffuses into blood through capillaries in the alveoli
  2. combines with hemoglobin on red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin
  3. diffuses into cells (used in cellular respiration)
  4. Or it dissolves in plasma
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33
Q

Describe the process of carbon dioxide exchange

A

Diffuses out of cells and into blood, where it will either:
combine with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin or dissolve in plasma, combine with water, and form carbonic acid.
then, it diffuses out of blood through capillaries

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34
Q

What do carbon dioxide and oxygen transport rely on?

A

Hemoglobin

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35
Q

What is hemoglobin

What does it consist of?

A

Is a molecule on the surface of RBCs

It consists of polypeptides that are composed of heme, and globin

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36
Q

What is heme? What is globin?

A

Heme: is the iron-containing pigment… oxygen or carbon dioxide binds to this
Globin: is the protein component

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37
Q

Describe the process of oxygen transport

A

In the lungs, oxygen attaches itself to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen travels as oxyhemoglobin to the capillaries
At the capillaries, hydrogen ions dislodge oxygen
Oxygen diffuses into the extra cellular space and then into the cells

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38
Q

How many methods of carbon dioxide transport are there? What are they?

A

Two methods

  1. It can combine with hemoglobin
  2. Dissolve in the plasma
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39
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide is transported by combining with hemoglobin

A

27% of carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin on the red blood cells to form carbaminohemoglobin
It is then transported to the lungs

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40
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide is transported by dissolving in plasma

A

64% of carbon dioxide combines with the water in plasma to form carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
Carbonic acid disassociates to form a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
Bicarbonate ions are transported to the lungs in the plasma
Hydrogen ions dislodge oxygen from hemoglobin
Hydrogen ions then combines with hemoglobin, forming reduced hemoglobin which returns to the lungs in venous blood
In the blood, the reduced hemoglobin acts as a buffer
At the lungs, hydrogen dislodge is from hemoglobin and combines with bicarbonate ions to form water and carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries in the alveoli into the lungs and is exhaled

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41
Q

What do carbonic acid to do to the blood? What about its stability?

A

Lowers the pH of the blood
Unstable and disassociate to form a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+

42
Q

What is a buffer

A

A substance that is able to neutralize acids and bases

43
Q

What is breathing regulated by

A

The medulla oblongata

44
Q

What are factors that influence breathing rate

A

Carbon dioxide levels in blood
Stretching of lung tissue
Emotional state
Serious injury

45
Q

How do chemicals in blood affect breathing rate

A

Receptors

46
Q

What are receptors used for?

A

Used to detect changes in the environment

47
Q

Where is the information gathered by receptors sent to?

A

Your central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

48
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

What types of chemoreceptors are there

A

Detect changes in chemicals in the blood

Carbon dioxide receptors and oxygen receptors (oxygen receptors use as a backup only)

49
Q

Are carbon dioxide receptors sensitive or insensitive? What do they regulate and where are they located

A

Most sensitive receptors
Main regulators of breathing rate
Located in the medulla oblongata

50
Q

How do carbon dioxide receptors work

A

CO2 dissolved in blood forms carbonic acid
High levels of carbonic acid stimulate receptors in the medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata send signal to the intercoastal muscles and the diaphragm to increase breathing rate
One CO2 levels return to normal, chemoreceptors become inactive and breathing rate returns to normal

51
Q

When are O2 receptors stimulated

Where are they located

A

Only stimulated when O2 levels drop and CO2 levels remain constant
Located in the carotid artery and aortic arteries

52
Q

How do oxygen receptors work

A

If O2 levels are low, receptors send a signal to the medulla oblongata to stimulate the intercoastal muscles and the diaphragm to increase in breathing rate

53
Q

What happens to breathing at high altitudes
What happens to breathing if you have asphyxiation
What happens to breathing if you have hypoxia

A

High altitudes – less O2 molecules, breathing increased
Asphyxiation – too much CO2, breathing increased
Hypoxia – not enough O2, no warning

54
Q

How does the stretching of lung tissue affect breathing rate

A

Stretch receptors in pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli are stimulated
Nerve impulses sent to medulla oblongata
Breathing rate drops

55
Q

How does emotional state affect breathing rate

A

Fear and pain increase in breathing rate due to the increased need for oxygen

56
Q

How does an injury to the stomach affect breathing rates

A

Bronchitis: the narrowing of the bronchi or bronchioles due to inflammation of the mucous lining
Excess mucus is produced and tissues swell, which reduces the diameter of the bronchi or bronchioles

57
Q

What is emphysema?

What is a cause?

A

Inflammation of the alveoli which causes air sucks to lose their elasticity, stretch, and then rupture
It becomes difficult to exhale. Air becomes trapped in the lungs. With less alveoli there is decreased oxygen levels
Cause: smoking

58
Q

What is bronchial asthma

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles as a result of particulates in the air or allergens
The bronchioles constrict and a greater effort is required to exhale
CO2 pressure builds in the lungs

59
Q

What does the cilia in your bronchioles do

A

Sweep debris away from your lungs… Protecting them from bacteria and pollutants

60
Q

What do the chemicals in tobacco smoke do to cilia

A

Kill cells that contain cilia… More debris enters your lungs

61
Q

What does the tar in tobacco smoke do to the cilia

A

Coats the cilia, disabling them from keeping degree from your lungs

62
Q

What does the carbon monoxide smoke do to you

A

Starve cells of oxygen… They can’t make ATP

63
Q

What does the cyanide in cigarettes do to you

A

Stops the electron transport chain… Prevents ATP being made… Without energy the cells die

64
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Total air held in lungs

Approximately 5800 mL

65
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)

A

Air entering and leaving during normal inhale and exhale

Approximately 500 mL

66
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Additional air that can be taken into lungs

Approximately 3000 mL

67
Q

What is expiatory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Extra air that can be expelled from lungs

Approximately 1100 mL

68
Q

What is residual volume (RV)

A

There always left in your lungs (otherwise there would be no pressure in them and they wouldn’t inflate)
Approximately 1200 mL

69
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)

A

TV + IRV + ERV (total lung capacity minus the residual volume)
Approximately 4600 mL

70
Q

What are the dangers of carbon monoxide

A

Finds to hemoglobin faster than O2 and prevents O2 from binding
If no oxygen gets to the tissues, you die

71
Q

How are muscles attached the skeleton
What kind of energy conversions go on in muscles
When is the work that muscles do done
What triggers contraction

A

Attached to the skeleton by tendons
Convert chemical energy into kinetic
Done when they shorten; during contraction
Contraction triggered by a nerve signal

73
Q

What are antagonistic muscles

A

Muscles that have the opposite reaction

For example, when your bicep is flexed your tricep muscle is relaxed

75
Q

What is a flexor

What is an extensor

A

The muscle that contracts to bend a joint

The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint

77
Q

How many types of muscles are there and what are they

A

Three types of muscles

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

78
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Lines the digestive tract, uterus, and arteries
Does not fatigue easily
Contraction occurs without conscious

78
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Unique to the heart which is part of the cardiovascular system
Contraction is involuntary

78
Q

Describe skeletal muscles

A

Used for locomotion
Contraction is voluntary
Attached to bone by tendons

78
Q

Explain skeletal muscle structure

A

Muscle –> Muscle–fiber bundle -> Muscle fiber -> Myofibrils -> Myofilaments

79
Q

What does each muscle fiber bundle consist of

A

Many muscle fibers that are surrounded by connective tissue

80
Q

What do muscle fibers consist of

A

Myofibrils

81
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Hundreds of thousands of centrical subunits

82
Q

What are the cylindrical subunits of myofibrils made of?

A

Protein structures called myofilaments

83
Q

What are myofilaments responsible for

A

Muscle contraction

84
Q

How many types of microfilaments are there and what are they

A

Two types: actin and myosin

85
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

Theory that provides a model that helps explain how muscles contract

86
Q

How do myofilaments contract

A

Muscles cause movement by shortening

Actin filaments slides over the myosin filaments

87
Q

What are the steps to muscle contraction (Using actin and myosin)

A

Head of myosin moves… Like flexing your wrist
Actin filaments is chemically bonded to myosin and gets pulled along with it when it flexes
Actin filaments then slides pass the myosin filament in the direction of the flex
This continues, each time requiring ATP to provide energy
ATP is needed to repositioned myosin head before each new flex
After contraction, Acton and myosin filament disengage and the muscle begins to relax

88
Q

What causes muscle fatigue

A

Very little ATP can be stored in muscle tissue

89
Q

What is creatine phosphate and what does it do

A

High-energy compound found in muscles that ensures that ATP supplies remain high

90
Q

How does create time phosphate ensure ATP supplies remain high

A

Supplies a phosphate to adenosine diphosphate

91
Q

What happens if the energy demand is higher during muscle contraction

A

Lactic acid fermentation results, Causing pain and the muscle eventually fails to contract

92
Q

What is a muscle contraction caused by

What does the strength of a contraction depend on

A

Caused by a nerve impulse

Strength depends on the frequency of the stimulus

93
Q

How does muscle contraction occur? (4steps)

A
  1. Nerve cells stimulates muscle cell
  2. Pause called the latent period
  3. Muscle contracts/shortens… actin slides over myosin
  4. Muscle begins to relax and then returns to its original size
94
Q

What does the speed of your muscle contractions depend on

A

Myosin

95
Q

How many forms of myosin are there and what are they

A

Three types: Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx

96
Q

What type of muscle twitches does type I myosin cause
What does it do to ATP
Where is it found in greater abundance

A

Causes slow muscle twitches
Breaks down ATP slowly
Found in greater abundance in long-distance runners

97
Q

What type of muscle twitches does type IIa and IIx myosin cause
What do they do to ATP
What type of respiration does it rely on
Where is it found in greater abundance

A

Causes faster twitch
Breaks down ATP faster… Are less efficient
Anaerobic respiration
Greater abundance in sprinters

98
Q

What is tendonitis

A

Inflammation of tendons due to overuse or injury stretched tendons

99
Q

What are some examples of injuries

A

Torn muscles/sprains, tendonitis, torn ligaments, joint dislocations

100
Q

What is anthroscopic surgery

A

Needle is inserted into the knee, lens provides a picture of the damage within
Image is projected onto a screen
At the scope is fitted with an surgical tools that can snip away unhealthy tissue

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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