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Biology 20 > Unit B > Flashcards

Unit B Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the different types of interactions in an ecosystem?

A

Competition, mating behavior, symbiotic relationships

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1
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of relationships organisms have with each other and their environment

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2
Q

What are the types of competition? Explain each one

A

Intraspecific competition which occurs when species compete with itself for resources
Interspecific competition which occurs when two or more species comepete for resources

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3
Q

What is mating behavior?

A

Some organisms will exhibit a dance, or meeting call in order to attract a mate
For example, birds of paradise

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4
Q

What are the types of symbiotic relationships? Explain each one

A

Mutualism, both benefit
Commensalism, one benefits, other is neutral
Parasitism, one benefits and one is harmed

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5
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Regions of the biosphere where biotic and abiotic factors interrelate through the flow of energy and the cycling of matter

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6
Q

What type of energy drives ecosystems?

A

Solar energy

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7
Q

Explain the boundaries in ecosystems

A

Some have distinct boundaries (ocean)

Others run into each other (forest and Meadow)

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8
Q

What are all ecosystems made of?

A

Populations and communities

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9
Q

What is a population?

A

All the same species living together. They are within the same area and share resources

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10
Q

What is a community?

A

Different populations living together. Within the same area and share resources

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11
Q

What are Ecotones? What happens to the biodiversity in ecotones?

A

Eco-tones are areas between ecosystems. They contain the most biodiversity because it’s where most organisms interact

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12
Q

What is a niche?

A

The role an organism place in the ecosystem

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13
Q

What does a niche consist of?

A

Place in food web, breeding area, habitat, time of day it’s most active

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14
Q

What do niche’s due to competition?

A

It reduces competition between species for the same resources
For example, Owls and hawks both hunt mice but in different sections of the forest

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15
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The thin layer around the earth consisting of 99% of life. Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere

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16
Q

What are biomes?

A

Large geographical regions of the biosphere

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17
Q

What does each biome have?

A

A specific range of temperature, precipitation, vegetative patterns, adapted organisms

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18
Q

Canada has ______ major terrestrial biomes. What are they?

A

Four.

Tundra, taiga/Boreal, grassland, temperate deciduous forest

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19
Q

What types of terrestrial ecosystems are there?

A

Muskey, taiga, grassland, deciduous

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20
Q

Is the amount of light, water temperature, and oxygen levels the same throughout the lake?

A

No

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21
Q

What are the three main zones of a lake?

A

Littoral zone, limnetic zone, profundal zone

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22
Q

What is the Litorell zone? Describe its light levels and nutrient levels

A

Begins at the Lakeshore, extends to the point where plants no longer take root.
It is the shallowest part of the lake
Light is able to penetrate, making this the most productive part of the lake

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23
Q

What is the limnetic zone? What is the most common organism?

A

Area of Lake in which there is a lot of open water. Plankton are the most common organism in this area

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24
Q

What is the profundal zone? Describe its light levels and nutrient levels. How does this zone get nutrients?

A

Not usually found in ponds. It has low light levels and is low in nutrients, so less biodiversity. It relies on nutrients falling from the limnetic zone

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25
Q

What is fall turnover?

A

In fall, surface water temperature cools to 4°C. Since water is most dense at 4°C, it sinks, carrying nutrients and dissolved oxygen. This replenishes the deeper water

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26
Q

What is spring turnover?

A

Surface water temperature warms to 4°C, and sinks carrying nutrients and dissolved oxygen. This replenishes the deeper water

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27
Q

Why are fall and spring turnover vital?

A

They supply organisms in the profundal region of lakes with oxygen and nutrients

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28
Q

What are some abiotic factors affecting populations?

A

Soil, water, temperature, sunlight, gases

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29
Q

How many layers are in soil? Describe each layer

A

Litter (top layer) made of partially decomposed leaves
Topsoil. Small rock particles mixed with decaying plant and animal matter (humus)
Subsoil. Rock particles and small amount of organic matter
Bedrock (lowest layer) layer of rock

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30
Q

How does soil affect populations?

A

Different ecosystems have different soil (pH and moisture) Organisms are adapted to specific soil conditions

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31
Q

How does water affect populations?

A

Water availability determines the distribution of animals. The amount is affected by the amount of precipitation, how long it stays in upper layers of soil, and the amount that collects underneath

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32
Q

How does sunlight vary throughout the world?

A

Ecosystems that are close to the equator receive the same amount of solar radiation all year. The northern and southern hemisphere don’t receive a constant amount of solar radiation

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33
Q

What are some biotic factors affecting population? Describe each one

A

Competitors. Compete for same resource or mate
Predators. Organisms that prey
Parasites. Benefit by harming the host

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34
Q

What are some factors affecting aquatic ecosystems?

A

Temperature, chemical composition, sunlight, water pressure, seasonal variation

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35
Q

What is the chemical environment?

A

Include salt concentration, amount of dissolved oxygen, pollutants, and naturally occurring minerals

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36
Q

How does temperature and sunlight affect aquatic ecosystems?

A

Temperature and sunlight very through the year and through the ocean and lake ecosystems

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37
Q

How does water pressure affects aquatic ecosystems?

A

Water is 800 times denser than air. Deeper water means it is more difficult to survive

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38
Q

How do seasonal variations affect aquatic ecosystems?

A

Seasonal variations can change the amount of precipitation, wind, sunlight, and variation in currents
In winter, the ice prevents light from penetrating and oxygen from being dissolved in water
And summer, the surface water warms, Cooler water stays at the bottom

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39
Q

What are the three layers created the limnetic zone?

A

Eplimnion (Warm top layer)
Thermocline (thin band where temp. Drops)
Hypolimnion (low temp.)

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40
Q

What are some factors affecting the size of populations and communities?

A

Biotic potential, limiting factors, carrying capacity, limits of tolerance

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41
Q

What is biotic potential?

A

Biotic potential is the number of offspring that a species could produce if resources were limited

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42
Q

What is biotic potential limited by?

A

Birth potential, capacity for survival, breeding frequency

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43
Q

What is birth potential?

A

Maximum number of offspring per birth

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44
Q

What is capacity for survival?

A

Number of offspring that reach reproductive age

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45
Q

What is breeding frequency?

A

Age of maturity and number of reproductive years

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46
Q

What are limiting factors?

A

Factors that can prevent populations from reaching their biotic potential
For example, toxins, amount of water and food

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47
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

Max number of species that an ecosystem can support

Based on the amount of resources such as food and water

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48
Q

What are limits of tolerance?

A

Range of abiotic factors an organism can withstand and survive
The more tolerant the species is, the greater its chance of survival

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49
Q

What is the law of minimum?

A

The nutrient/mineral that is in shorter supply determines if an organism will grow
For example, a plant will not grow if there’s not enough nitrogen in the soil

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50
Q

What other factors can affect the size of populations in an ecosystem?

A

Density independent factors

Density dependent factors

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51
Q

What are density independent factors

A

Any factor that affects all members of the population, regardless of the size of the population (floods, climate, fire)

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52
Q

What are density dependent factors

A

Factors that affect members because there are too many population (Disease, competition for a mate, predation)

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53
Q

How do forests affect the climate conditions in a region?

A

Forests help to recycle carbon dioxide and water

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54
Q

What layers do forests consist of?

A 
Canopy (mature trees)
Sub canopies (young trees and shrubs)
Forest floor (Ferns)
Soil (grasses and litter)
Each layer provides a habitat for many organisms
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55
Q

What does a habitat consist of?

A

An organisms home, food, shelter/nesting sites, range

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56
Q

Why are forested areas valuable?

A

They have nutrient rich soil, lots of vegetation, and valuable timber

57
Q

Why are forests cleared?

A

Agriculture and residential and industrial development

58
Q

What are three methods for clearing forests

A

slash And burn, clearcutting, selective cutting

59
Q

What is slash and burn?

A

The complete clearing of the forest by felling and burning the trees

60
Q

What is clearcutting?

A

The removal of all trees in an area

61
Q

What is selective cutting

A

The harvesting of only certain trees from an area, usually old and desieased

62
Q

What is harvested timber most often used for?

A

Pulp and paper and production of hardwood

63
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

The habitat becomes divided into sections/fragments. It’s separates organisms from food sources
Habitat fragmentation is a result of clearing forest areas

64
Q

What’s wrong with clear-cut areas being reforesting with monocultures

A

Monocultures don’t contain the diversity of the original area, enough resources, and is more susceptible to disease and insect

65
Q

What is prescribed burn

A

When fires are deliberately set by Park officials
Fire changes ecosystems and can be used to create and maintain mosaic of different vegetation such as grassland, wetland, and shrub area

66
Q

What is succession

A

Changes in plant and animal populations between colonization and final climax community

67
Q

What is a climax community

A

Final mature community

68
Q

What is primary succession

A

New plants in an area where there were none before

69
Q

What is secondary succession

A

A series of changes that occur in an area that was previously colonized

70
Q

What are the two types of lakes

A

Oligotrophic. Deep, cold, clear, has no nutrients, little photosynthetic activity
Eutrophic. Shallow, warm, lots of nutrients, many photosynthetic organisms

71
Q

What is eutrophication

A

Natural aging process of lakes in which a lake slowly fills in overtime. It takes hundreds of thousands of years as dead plant and animal matter falls, accumulates, and decomposes

72
Q

How did humans increase eutrophication

A

Result of water pollution from human waste, fertilizers, temperature increases, and organic compounds

73
Q

What are biological indicators

A

Organisms that can be used to indicate the health of the pond/lake

74
Q

What are chemical indicators

A

PH, BOD, salinity changes, phosphorus and nitrogen

75
Q

What is biological oxygen demand (BOD)

A

Test used to narrow down the causes of low levels of oxygen in the water. It is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by bacteria to break down the organic matter In a sample over five days at 20°C

76
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The field of biology that classifies organisms

77
Q

What is binomial nomenclature

A

2 name system used to name organisms

78
Q

What to name systems are used for binomial nomenclature

A

Genus name and species name

79
Q

What is a genus name

A

Organisms that have similar morphological characteristics have the same genus name

80
Q

What is species name

A

Groups of organisms that have similar physical characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

81
Q

What are the seven levels of classification (taxa)

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

82
Q

What does the two name system indicate of an organism?

A

Similarities in anatomy, embryology, and evolutionary ancestry

83
Q

Cells of organisms are either ___ or ______

A

Eukaryotic or prokaryotic

84
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Found in plants and animals, have a nucleus, DNA packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus

85
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria, no nucleus, DNA is circular and floats through cytoplasm

86
Q

What are the six kingdoms

A

Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, Plantae, animalia

87
Q

What are Archaebacteria

A

The oldest bacteria, live in harsh environments

88
Q

What are eubacteria

A

Has rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan

89
Q

What are Protista

A

Unicellular organisms, can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

90
Q

What are fungi

A

Unicellular or made of tubular filaments, lack chlorophyll, obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing the molecules that are released

91
Q

What are Plantae

A

Contain chlorophyll, can photosynthesize

92
Q

What are Animalia

A

Ingest food, most are motile

93
Q

What is the dichromatus key

A

Manual used to classify organisms

94
Q

What is evolution

A

Process by which populations of living things change over series of generations

95
Q

What does evolution attempt to do

A

Evolution attempts to explain why organisms are so different, yet so similar in molecular structure

96
Q

How does evolution occur

A

Through mutations in chromosomes

97
Q

What is adaptation

A

Changing to better suit your environment

98
Q

It does evidence of evolution come from

A

Fossil record. Fossils provide a record of past life and the evolutionary history of living things can be traced through direct evidence in the rock record. Fossilized remains, impressions and traces or organisms provide scientists with direct physical evidence.

99
Q

When are fossils formed

A

When the spaces or skeletal materials of organisms are replaced by minerals

100
Q

What is paleontology

A

Study of fossils

101
Q

What is embryology

A

The study of organisms in the early stages of development

102
Q

What are vestigial structures

A

Body parts that were once used, but now has no function

103
Q

What are homologous structures

A

Those which have the same basic structure and same basic pattern of early growth, common ancestor

104
Q

What are analogous structures

A

Those with similar functions the different origin and no common ancestor

105
Q

What is divergent evolution

A

Similar structures in a species gradually become different because of adaptation to a different environment

106
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Development of similar structures in unrelated species due to adaptation to similar environments

107
Q

What is DNA

A

Hereditary material that provides instructions for trait and it determines which traits are passed on

108
Q

Each DNA molecule contains _____

A

Genes

109
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Plant and animal breeding

110
Q

What are the four nucleotide bases that DNA is made up from

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

111
Q

What is natural selection

A

The organism decides

112
Q

What is a theory

A

An idea intended to explain the occurrence of something

113
Q

What was Aristotles theory And time period

A

384–322 BC

All lifeforms can be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity

114
Q

What was Carl von Lynn’s theory

What was his time period

A

1730s
Founder of taxonomy, developed binomial nomenclature, named organisms and classify them according to their characteristics

115
Q

What was debuffon’s theory

What was his time era

A

1750s
Propose that a species could change
Used fossil evidence to suggest that all species arose from a common ancestor

116
Q

What was Malthus’ theory

What was his time era

A

1798
Proposed that populations tend to increase exponentially until there is too much competition for food, and then the population decreases

117
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory

What was his time era

A

1809
Believe that new species were constantly being created by spontaneous generation, that organisms have a force or desire that led them to change for the better

118
Q

What was Lyell’s theory

What was his time era

A

1830
Wrote the principle of geology, which greatly influenced Darwin. Believed the earth was older than 6000 years and that slow, continual change was the norm

119
Q

What was Wallace’s theory

What was his time era

A

1850s

Published the theory of evolution based on natural selection

120
Q

How did Darwin start thinking about natural selection

A

Explore the Galapagos Islands and noticed the variations in the Finch populations

121
Q

What was Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A
  1. Overproduction – number of offspring produced is greater than number that can survive
  2. Struggle for existence – competition for resources
  3. Variation – mutations occur in gene pool of all organisms and the best traits are passed on
  4. Survival of the fittest – individuals with traits that gives them an advantage are able to survive and reproduce better
  5. Origin of new species – over many generations get cumulation of inherited variation results in the formation of new species
122
Q

What are inherited variations

A

Passed on from parent to offspring

123
Q

Continuous variation

A

Wide range of expression for example height and eyecolor

124
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

Distinct categories with few or no intermediates

For example tongue rolling or earlobe attachment

125
Q

Acquired variations

A

Occur because of environmental stimulus. For example learning piano

126
Q

Mutations

A

Random changes in DNA

Provide new genetic info

127
Q

What are the three types of mutations

A

Neutral, harmful, and beneficial

128
Q

Neutral mutation

A

No immediate effect on an organisms fitness

129
Q

Harmful mutation

A

Reduces its fitness

130
Q

Beneficial mutation

A

Gives organisms a selective advantage

131
Q

What are the two types of reproduction

A

Asexual and sexual

132
Q

Asexual

A

An identical copies made of the parents DNA

133
Q

Sexual

A

Offspring aren’t genetically identical to parents

134
Q

What is speciation

A

Formation of new species. Can occur by microevolution or macro evolution

135
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary change at the species level

136
Q

Macro evolution

A

Evolutionary change about the species level

137
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

How most species are formed. Three steps

138
Q

What are the three steps in allopatric speciation

A
  1. A barrier separates populations into isolated groups
  2. Natural selection occurs on each group independently
  3. Overtime the differences become so great that if the groups were to reunite, they wouldn’t be sexually compatible anymore
139
Q

Theory of Gradualism

A

Belief that speciation occurs slowly

140
Q

Theory of punctuated equilibrium

A

Belief that change occurs rapidly but then it is followed by a long period of little or no change this theory has three points

141
Q

What are the three points of punctuated equilibrium

A

Species evolve rapidly in evolutionary time
Speciation occurs in small isolated populations
After an initial burst of evolution, species I will adapt to their environment and thus don’t change for a long time

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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