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Biology 20 > Excretory > Flashcards

Excretory Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the three main functions of the kidneys

A
  1. Remove wastes
  2. Balance blood pH
    3a. Maintain water balance
    3b. Blood pressure
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1
Q

How many kidneys does the body have

What are they made up of

A

2

1 million nephrons

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2
Q

What are some wastes removed by the kidney?
How is uric acid formed?
What is the process it is formed in called?

A

Urea and uric wastes from the blood
Uric acid is formed from the breakdown of DNA
Urea I’d formed in a process called deamination

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3
Q

Where does deamination occur?

What is it

A

Liver

The conversion of amino acids in the blood to carbohydrates (urea is produced)

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4
Q

What are the steps to deamination

A
  1. NH3 is removed from amino acids

2. 2 NH3 + CO2 = urea

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5
Q

What is the build up of uric acid called?

A

Gout

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6
Q

How do the kidneys maintain pH balance

A

CO2 from peritubular capillaries + H2O in cells lining the nephron = carbonic acid
Carbonic acid breaks apart to make H+ and HCO3

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7
Q

What happens if the blood is too acidic

A

H+ is excreted in the urine and HCO3- is reabsorbed back to the blood …buffering the blood

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8
Q

What happens when the blood is too basic

A

HCO3- is excreted in the urine and H+ is reabsorbed back to the blood

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9
Q

How much water moves though the kidneys in one day?
How is 2L of water lost per day
How much water is reabsorbed

A

180L
Perspiration, exhaling, urine
178L

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10
Q

What happens of 1% water loss
5%
10%

A

1- thirst
5- pain and collapse
10- death

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11
Q

What two hormones regulate water concentration in the blood

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
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12
Q

What does ADH do

Where is it stored

A

Targets the distal tubule of the nephrons and collects dust
It increases H2O reabsorption into the bloodstream
Stored in posterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

What dies water lost in the body cause?

A

Causes water to move from tissues into the bloodstream

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect low osmotic(water) pressure

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14
Q

How does the hypothalamus respond to loss of H2O

A

Triggers thirst, send nerve message to the pituitary to stimulate the release of ADH
ADH travels in blood and targets the nephron

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15
Q

What is the effect of ADH on the nephron

A

ADH causes the distal tubule and collecting duct to become permeable to H2O
The kidneys reabsorb more H2O
A more concentrated urine is produced

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16
Q

What factors affect ADH

What happens when the release of ADH is inhibited

A

Cold-weather, caffeine, and alcohol all inhibit the release of ADH
Reabsorption of water can’t take place and urine volume is increased

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17
Q

What do the kidneys help regulate

A

Blood pressure

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18
Q

Where is aldosterone produced and what does it do

A

Produced and secreted by the adrenal glands
Targets the ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Also increases the amount of sodium reabsorption… Therefore increasing the reabsorption of water, this increases blood pressure

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19
Q

What is low blood pressure detected by

A

Osmo receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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20
Q

What do cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus release and what does it do

A

Renmin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin

21
Q

What is angiotensinogen

What does it do

A

A plasma proteins secreted by the liver

Constricts blood vessels and causes aldosterone to be released from the adrenal glands

22
Q

What do renal arteries do

what do renal veins do

A

Supply kidneys with oxygenated unfiltered blood

Remove deoxygenated filtered blood

23
Q

What do kidneys do

How many layers are there and what are they

A

Filter wastes from the blood
Three layers
Cortex is outer layer of connective tissue
Medulla is inner layer which contains the nephrons
Pelvis is hollow chamber joining kidney to ureter

24
Q

What are ureters

A

Two tubes through which filtered wastes from the kidneys passes through to reach the bladder

25
Q

What is the bladder? How much can it hold? What happens when it reaches 400 mL

A

Storage for urine
200 mL of urine
At 400 mL stretch receptors signal the brain that it’s time to go

26
Q

How does urine leave the bladder

A

Through the urethra

Sphincter muscles relax and urine is avoided

27
Q

Why are women more susceptible to bladder infections

A

The urethra is shorter in women

28
Q

What are nephrons

What do afferent arterials do

A

Functional units of the kidney

Supply the nephrons with the blood and branch into the capillary bed called the glomerulus

29
Q

What does blood leaving the glomerulus do

A

Passes through the efferent arterioles, travels to the peritubular capillaries, goes to the venule, and then to the renal vein

30
Q

What is the glomerulus surrounded by

A

The Bowmans capsule

31
Q

What does the Bowmans capsule taper into

A

The proximal tubule

32
Q

What does the proximal tubule Connect to? What does that connect to

A

Of Henle

Distal tubule

33
Q

What does the distal tubule empty into

Where do those merge

A

Collecting duct

Renal pelvis

34
Q

What are the three steps in the formation of urine

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

35
Q

What is the filtration process? Reabsorption? Secretion?

A

The movement of fluid from the blood (glomerulus) into the Bowmans capsule
Movement of essential solutes and water from the nephron back to the blood
Transport of materials from the blood into the distal tubule of the nephron

36
Q

Where does filtration occur
How is filtration rate affected
What are the steps

A

Glomerulus
High pressure = High filtration rate
Blood enters nephron through afferent arterial
Blood enters glomerulus
Proteins, blood cells, and platelets are too large to filter through glomerulus and move into the efferent arterial
Plasma passes through glomerulus into Bowmans capsule

37
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur
Where else does it occur
How long does it occur

A

Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle and distal tubule
Until threshold level is reached

38
Q

In reabsorption, does active or passive transport occur?

A

Both

39
Q

What are the steps to reabsorption

A

Glomerular filtrate travels through the proximal tubule
As the glomerular filtrate travels, water and ions are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream
This maintains water and ion balance

40
Q

Where does secretion occur? Is it active or passive transport

A

Distal tubule, active transport

41
Q

What is the composition of urine

What is the average pH of urine

A

Water, urea, uric acid, trace amino acids, electrolytes, excess vitamins and minerals
4 to 5

42
Q

How can many kidney disorders be diagnosed

A

By analyzing a blood and urine sample

43
Q

What is diabetes mellitus caused by, what is the result, what are the symptoms

A

Inadequate insulin secretion from islet cells
High glucose levels in blood, which causes less reabsorption of water
Large volumes of sugary urine are avoided

44
Q

What is diabetes insipidus caused by, what is the result, what are the symptoms

A

Caused by destruction of hypothalamus cells, resulting in no ADH being released
Symptoms are that large volumes of dilute urine are voided

45
Q

What is a cause of brights disease and what is the result

What are symptoms

A

Hypertension
Blood vessels in glomerulus become destroyed, making glomerulus permeable to plasma proteins
Symptoms are that you void large volumes of urine which contain proteins or blood cells

46
Q

What are kidney stones caused by

A

Precipitation of mineral solutes from the blood

47
Q

What is lithotripsy

A

Using shockwaves to break up kidney stones which can then be voided

48
Q

What is dialysis

What types are there

A

Needed for people whose kidneys no longer function

Hemodialysis and paratonial dialysis

49
Q

What is hemodialysis

A

A dialysis machine mimics the action of the nephron
The only function that a dialysis machine can’t do is active transport
Blood is pumped through a series of tubes and one of these tubes into the machine and is bathed in dialysis fluid
Dialysis tubing is semi-permeable so large solutes will pass through but small solutes can

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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