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Biology 20 > Chapter 10- Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Circulatory System Flashcards

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0
Q

What do open circulatory systems not have

What do closed-circulatory systems have

A

Open systems have no vessels

Closed systems have vessels and a pump

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1
Q

What do circulatory systems do for the cells

Are they open or closed systems

A

Circulatory systems ensure that cells get the nutrients and oxygen that it needs
Can be open or closed

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2
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system

A

Transport, distribute heat, house immune system cells

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3
Q

What does the circulatory system transport

A

Gases, nutrients, wastes, chemical messengers (example: hormones)

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4
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of

A

Blood, the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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5
Q

What do the arteries and arterioles do

What do the veins and venules do

A

Carry blood away from the heart

Carry blood toward the heart

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6
Q

What causes you to feel a pulse

A

Blood entering the arteries each time your heart contracts

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7
Q

What are arteries

A

Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Are elastic and can stretch
Under a lot of pressure

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8
Q

How many layers do arteries consist of

What is each layer made out of

A

Three layers
Outer and inner layer made of connective tissue
Middle layer is made of smooth muscle fibers and elastic connective tissue

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9
Q

What are arterioles

A

Smaller, elastic arteries

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10
Q

What are the diameter of arteries and arterioles regulated by
How

A

The automatic nervous system

Nerve impulses cause the smooth muscle that lines the wall of the artery and arterioles to contract

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11
Q

What is vasoconstriction

Does it increase or decrease blood flow

A

When the arteries smooth muscle contracts to reduce its diameter, Reducing blood flow to the area

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12
Q

What is vasodilation

Does it increase or decrease blood flow

A

When the smooth muscle of the artery relaxes to increase its diameter
This increases blood flow to an area

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13
Q

What is atherosclerosis Caused by

What is the result

A

Caused by the accumulation of plaque and fat deposits in the artery
As a result, the diameter of the arteries narrows, making it more difficult for blood to pass through

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14
Q

What is the cause of a heart attack

What happens to cardiac muscles during heart attack

A

Caused by the accumulation of plaque and fat deposits or a clots, which blocks an artery in the heart
The heart cells are starved of oxygen, so cardiac muscle cells die

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15
Q

What is an aneurysm caused by? Where are the most common sites that this happens? What is the effect of an aneurysm

A

Caused by birth defects, injury, genetics
Common sites include aorta, abdominal aorta, and arteries in the brain
The effect is that the weekend artery or vein begins to protrude as blood surges through

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16
Q

What is the cause of a stroke? What is a stroke in the brain called?

A

Caused by a bulge in the arteries/vein bursting

Hemorrhagic stroke

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17
Q

What do precapillary sphincter muscles control

A

The movement of blood from the arterioles to the capillaries

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18
Q

What are capillaries composed of

Site of ____ and ____

A

Composed of a single layer of cells

Site of fluid and gas exchange

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19
Q

What do red blood cells do inside the capillaries

What happens to this next?

A

Releases their oxygen

Oxygen passes through the capillary wall into the interstitial space

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20
Q

What is interstitial space

A

The space that is found between the capillary and the cell

Surrounds the cell

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21
Q

When does bruising occur

A

When capillaries are damaged and blood flows into the interstitial space

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22
Q

What are venules Composed of

What are they lined with and what do they do for the heart

A

Capillaries merge into larger venules
Lined with smooth muscles
Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

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23
Q

What do veins do
When does the diameter increase
What happens when the diameter increases

A

Carry deoxygenated blood
Increase as they approach the heart
Fluid pressure is reduced in veins

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24
Q

How does skeletal muscle contraction aid bloodflow toward the heart

A

Muscles Bulge when they contract reduces the diameter of the vein
pressure inside the vein increases valves to push open
blood flows back to the heart

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25
Q

What do one-way valves do

A

Prevent blood from flowing backwards and steers blood towards the heart

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26
Q

When are vericose veins made

What are the causes

A

Created when valves do not close properly, which causes blood to pool in the veins
Heredity, standing for long periods or compression of veins

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27
Q

How are things used as blood reservoirs

A

When you’re stressed, venous flow increases to help meet energy demands
Nervous impulses contract the smooth muscle in veins
This raises blood pressure
Therefore more blood reaches the heart

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28
Q

Where is the heart located
How big is it
What is it surrounded by

A

Thoracic cavity
Size of your fist
Surrounded by a fluid filled membrane called the pericardium which prevents friction

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29
Q

What protects and cushions the heart

What does the coronary artery supply the heart with

A

Fat

Blood

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30
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they

What is the septum

A

Four chambers: left and right atria, left and right ventricles
Septum is a wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart

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31
Q

What do the atria do

What type of blood enters the left atrium and what type of blood enters the right atrium

A

Atria act like holding chambers for blood entering the hearts
Blood from pulmonary system enters left
Blood from systemic system enters the right

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32
Q

What are ventricles

A

Strong muscular chambers that pump blood away from the heart

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33
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

What is systemic circulation

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body

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34
Q

What are the two largest veins

A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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35
Q

What do the superior and inferior vena cava do

A

Superior: carries deoxygenated blood from your head to your heart
Inferior: carries deoxygenated blood from your body to your heart

36
Q

Explain bloodflow

A

Deoxygenated blood reaches the heart through inferior and superior vena cava and empties into the right atrium
Blood moves through AV valve into the right ventricle
Blood pumped through semi lunar valves into left and right pulmonary arteries
In lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood
Oxygenated blood enters pulmonary veins and goes back to the heart
Blood enters left atrium, moves through AV valve, into left ventricle
Blood pumped through semi lunar valves into the aorta, where travels to body tissues

37
Q

How do tissues use blood

What happens to the blood after the tissues have used it

A

Use the oxygen, nutrients, and fluids that are in blood

Then, the deoxygenated blood moves through the vein system into the inferior and superior vena cava

38
Q

What do the coronary arteries supply the heart muscle cells with
What is angina. How can it be caused and fixed?

A

Oxygen and nutrients
Chest pain that occurs when too little oxygen reaches the heart
Can be caused by a blockage, which can be bypassed by using veins from other parts of the body… These are grafted into the heart

39
Q

What is cardiac catheterization

A

A technique used to detect coronary artery blockage

40
Q

What is myogenic muscle

What is an example of this in our bodies

A

Muscles that can contract without external nerve stimulation

Cardiac muscle tissue

41
Q

What is the hearts tempo set by

What is this and what does it act as

A

The sinoatrial node
This is a bundle of specialized nerves and muscle located in the upper right atrium, it acts as a pacemaker and sets a rhythm of about 70 bpm

42
Q

Where is the contraction of the heart generated

How does this contraction work

A

The SA node
Electrical impulses pass on to both atria, causing them to simultaneously contract, the impulses then move to the AV node. The message is then relayed quickly down to special nerves in the septum called the bundle of his. It is concept down to the Purkinje fibers. The result is both ventricles are now stimulated to contract at the same time

43
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

Detect blood pressure in the aorta and carotid artery

Then, these receptors signal the medulla oblongata, which responds by stimulating the autonomic nervous system

44
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consists of, what does it do and what can its nerve impulses affect

A

Consists of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
Regulates equilibrium
Nerve impulses can affect heart rate

45
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do

What does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

Tells heart to beat at a normal rate

Tells heart to increase heart rate

46
Q

How do sympathetic nerves work

A

Sympathetic nerve send impulses to the pacemaker to increased heart rate, which increases blood flow to the tissues

47
Q

What is tachychardia

What is bradycardia

A

Heart rate exceeds 100bpm

Low heart rate

48
Q

How do parasympathetic nerves work

A

Parasympathetic nerves are stimulated, nerve impulse is sent to the pacemaker to slow the heart down

49
Q

What does an electrocardiogram do

A

Measure the electrical activity of the heart

50
Q

What is the lubb dubb sound of the heart we hear caused by

A

Opening and closing of heart valves
Lubb: Closing of AV valves (ventricles pumping)
Dubb: Closing of semi lunar valves (atria pumping)

51
Q

What is systole

What is diastole

A

Period of contraction

Period Of relaxation

52
Q

Describe the cycle of contraction and relaxation

A

Atria are relaxed and filled with blood
Atria contract and AV valves open
Blood flows and fills the ventricles
Ventricles contract and the pressure causes the AV valves to close
Blood pushes through the semi lunar valves and into the arteries
Semi lunar valves close
Ventricular relaxation

53
Q

When does heart murmur occur

A

When blood leaks past a closed heart valve

54
Q

What are two ways the heart makes up for decreased oxygen

A

The heart can beat faster or the cardiac muscle can stretch more than normal

55
Q

What are beta blockers used for

A

They slow heart rate down. Often used to treat irregular heartbeats and high blood pressure

56
Q

How do beta blockers work

A

Epinephrine, a stress hormone, binds to receptors on heart cells and blood vessels
This increases heart rate and narrows blood vessels
Beta blockers work by binding to the receptor site on the cell so epinephrine can’t bind

57
Q

What is cardiac output

How do you calculate it

A

The amount of blood that flows from the heart each minute

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

58
Q

What kind of heart rate do people with well-developed hearts have
How do weaker hearts compensate

A

Low heart rate because they can pump greater volumes of blood
By increasing the heart rate

59
Q

How many factors affect cardiac output and what are they

A

Two factors: heart rate and stroke volume

60
Q

What is heart rate

What is stroke volume

A

Heart beats per minute

Amount of blood in mL that is pumped with each beat

61
Q

What is blood-pressure and how is it measured

A

Pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries

Sphygmomanometer

62
Q

Where is blood-pressure highest, high, and where is it low and lowest

A

Highest: left ventricle
High: systemic circulation
Low: pulmonary circulation
Lowest: right side of heart

63
Q

How many factors affect blood pressure and what are they

A

Five factors

Cardiac output, hormones, nervous stimulation, metabolic waste, arteriolar resistance

64
Q

What is arteriolar resistance

A

As the smooth muscle in the arterials contract, the diameter decreases, so less blood enters
More blood is then left in the artery which increases the arteries blood pressure

65
Q

How do hormones and nerve stimulation affect blood pressure

A

Both cause the construction of arteries and arterioles and increase blood pressure

66
Q

What are metabolite wastes and what do they do

A

Compounds such as acids and carbon dioxide, which both cause vessels to dilate, which decreases blood pressure

67
Q

What happens when blood pressure is too high… Too low

A

To high: vessels are damaged, if you add stress, vessels rupture
Too low: tissues will not receive enough blood

68
Q

What is hypertension

What is caused by

A

Persistent high blood pressure

Caused by heredity and poor diet

69
Q

How does high-pressure work

A

Parasympathetic nerve function increases while sympathetic function decreases
Arterioles dilate and bloodflow increases
Heart rate and cardiac output decreases, which means pressure decreases

70
Q

How does low-pressure work

A

Sympathetic nerve function goes up while parasympathetic nerve function decreases
Arterioles constrict and bloodflow decreases
Are great and cardiac output increase, which means pressure increases

71
Q

What are the functions of adrenalin

A

Releases red blood cells from the spleen
Vasodilation of arterials in heart, brain, muscle
Vasoconstriction of arterioles in kidneys, stomach, intestines

72
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

The maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function

73
Q

What happens to the body when it is hot

A

Thermo receptors in the skin detect a rise in temperature to the hypothalamus
The hypothalamus sends a nerve impulse to the sweat glands, and you begin to sweat
Evaporation of perspiration cools the skin
Nerve impulse also sent to blood vessels, causing them to dilate, increasing blood flow to skin

74
Q

What happens to your body when it is cold

A

Chemoreceptors in skin send nerve impulse to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus send message to Smooth muscle in arterials to constrict, which produces heat loss
To smooth muscle around hair follicles to stand on and, trapping heat
To skeletal muscle to initiate shivering, which generates heat

75
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Provide cells with nutrients and oxygen
Take away cell wastes
Maintain a constant fluid level

76
Q

Where does filtration occur and what happens during filtration

A

Occurs in the arteriole end of the capillary
Water and small ions move out of the Cappellar he and into the Extracellular fluid
Movement is the result of pressure gradient from high to low pressure

77
Q

Where does absorption occur and what happens during absorption

A

Occurs in the venule end of the capillary
Water moves from extracellular fluid into the capillary
Movement is the result of osmotic gradient from high to low concentration of water

78
Q

What forces determine water movement between blood and extracellular fluid

A

Fluid pressure and osmotic pressure

79
Q

What does the lymphatic system do

A

Return small amounts of protein that were leaked from the capillaries back to the circulatory system

80
Q

What do lymph vessels use to move the fluids

A

One-way valves and muscular contractions

81
Q

What is the main duct of the lymphatic system called

A

The thoracic duct

82
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

Manufacture and house macrophages and store lymphocytes

83
Q

What do all blood cells in the body begin as

What produces all blood cells

A

Stem cells

Red bone marrow

84
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in children? In adults?

A

Children: most bones
Adults: found in cranium, sternum, ribs, spinal column, and long bones

85
Q

What is the spleen

A

One of the body’s largest lymphoid organs

86
Q

When does the spleen release red blood cells

A

When there is low blood pressure or oxygen levels drop

87
Q

What happens to the thymus gland with age

Where is it located

A

Get smaller with age

Located in front of trachea, above the heart

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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