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Biology 20 > Chapter 10- Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Circulatory System Flashcards

0
Q

What do open circulatory systems not have

What do closed-circulatory systems have

A

Open systems have no vessels

Closed systems have vessels and a pump

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1
Q

What do circulatory systems do for the cells

Are they open or closed systems

A

Circulatory systems ensure that cells get the nutrients and oxygen that it needs
Can be open or closed

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2
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system

A

Transport, distribute heat, house immune system cells

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3
Q

What does the circulatory system transport

A

Gases, nutrients, wastes, chemical messengers (example: hormones)

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4
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of

A

Blood, the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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5
Q

What do the arteries and arterioles do

What do the veins and venules do

A

Carry blood away from the heart

Carry blood toward the heart

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6
Q

What causes you to feel a pulse

A

Blood entering the arteries each time your heart contracts

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7
Q

What are arteries

A

Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Are elastic and can stretch
Under a lot of pressure

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8
Q

How many layers do arteries consist of

What is each layer made out of

A

Three layers
Outer and inner layer made of connective tissue
Middle layer is made of smooth muscle fibers and elastic connective tissue

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9
Q

What are arterioles

A

Smaller, elastic arteries

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10
Q

What are the diameter of arteries and arterioles regulated by
How

A

The automatic nervous system

Nerve impulses cause the smooth muscle that lines the wall of the artery and arterioles to contract

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11
Q

What is vasoconstriction

Does it increase or decrease blood flow

A

When the arteries smooth muscle contracts to reduce its diameter, Reducing blood flow to the area

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12
Q

What is vasodilation

Does it increase or decrease blood flow

A

When the smooth muscle of the artery relaxes to increase its diameter
This increases blood flow to an area

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13
Q

What is atherosclerosis Caused by

What is the result

A

Caused by the accumulation of plaque and fat deposits in the artery
As a result, the diameter of the arteries narrows, making it more difficult for blood to pass through

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14
Q

What is the cause of a heart attack

What happens to cardiac muscles during heart attack

A

Caused by the accumulation of plaque and fat deposits or a clots, which blocks an artery in the heart
The heart cells are starved of oxygen, so cardiac muscle cells die

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15
Q

What is an aneurysm caused by? Where are the most common sites that this happens? What is the effect of an aneurysm

A

Caused by birth defects, injury, genetics
Common sites include aorta, abdominal aorta, and arteries in the brain
The effect is that the weekend artery or vein begins to protrude as blood surges through

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16
Q

What is the cause of a stroke? What is a stroke in the brain called?

A

Caused by a bulge in the arteries/vein bursting

Hemorrhagic stroke

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17
Q

What do precapillary sphincter muscles control

A

The movement of blood from the arterioles to the capillaries

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18
Q

What are capillaries composed of

Site of ____ and ____

A

Composed of a single layer of cells

Site of fluid and gas exchange

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19
Q

What do red blood cells do inside the capillaries

What happens to this next?

A

Releases their oxygen

Oxygen passes through the capillary wall into the interstitial space

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20
Q

What is interstitial space

A

The space that is found between the capillary and the cell

Surrounds the cell

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21
Q

When does bruising occur

A

When capillaries are damaged and blood flows into the interstitial space

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22
Q

What are venules Composed of

What are they lined with and what do they do for the heart

A

Capillaries merge into larger venules
Lined with smooth muscles
Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

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23
Q

What do veins do
When does the diameter increase
What happens when the diameter increases

A

Carry deoxygenated blood
Increase as they approach the heart
Fluid pressure is reduced in veins

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24
How does skeletal muscle contraction aid bloodflow toward the heart
Muscles Bulge when they contract reduces the diameter of the vein pressure inside the vein increases valves to push open blood flows back to the heart
25
What do one-way valves do
Prevent blood from flowing backwards and steers blood towards the heart
26
When are vericose veins made | What are the causes
Created when valves do not close properly, which causes blood to pool in the veins Heredity, standing for long periods or compression of veins
27
How are things used as blood reservoirs
When you're stressed, venous flow increases to help meet energy demands Nervous impulses contract the smooth muscle in veins This raises blood pressure Therefore more blood reaches the heart
28
Where is the heart located How big is it What is it surrounded by
Thoracic cavity Size of your fist Surrounded by a fluid filled membrane called the pericardium which prevents friction
29
What protects and cushions the heart | What does the coronary artery supply the heart with
Fat | Blood
30
How many chambers does the heart have and what are they | What is the septum
Four chambers: left and right atria, left and right ventricles Septum is a wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart
31
What do the atria do | What type of blood enters the left atrium and what type of blood enters the right atrium
Atria act like holding chambers for blood entering the hearts Blood from pulmonary system enters left Blood from systemic system enters the right
32
What are ventricles
Strong muscular chambers that pump blood away from the heart
33
What is pulmonary circulation | What is systemic circulation
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs | Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body
34
What are the two largest veins
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
35
What do the superior and inferior vena cava do
Superior: carries deoxygenated blood from your head to your heart Inferior: carries deoxygenated blood from your body to your heart
36
Explain bloodflow
Deoxygenated blood reaches the heart through inferior and superior vena cava and empties into the right atrium Blood moves through AV valve into the right ventricle Blood pumped through semi lunar valves into left and right pulmonary arteries In lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood Oxygenated blood enters pulmonary veins and goes back to the heart Blood enters left atrium, moves through AV valve, into left ventricle Blood pumped through semi lunar valves into the aorta, where travels to body tissues
37
How do tissues use blood | What happens to the blood after the tissues have used it
Use the oxygen, nutrients, and fluids that are in blood | Then, the deoxygenated blood moves through the vein system into the inferior and superior vena cava
38
What do the coronary arteries supply the heart muscle cells with What is angina. How can it be caused and fixed?
Oxygen and nutrients Chest pain that occurs when too little oxygen reaches the heart Can be caused by a blockage, which can be bypassed by using veins from other parts of the body… These are grafted into the heart
39
What is cardiac catheterization
A technique used to detect coronary artery blockage
40
What is myogenic muscle | What is an example of this in our bodies
Muscles that can contract without external nerve stimulation | Cardiac muscle tissue
41
What is the hearts tempo set by | What is this and what does it act as
The sinoatrial node This is a bundle of specialized nerves and muscle located in the upper right atrium, it acts as a pacemaker and sets a rhythm of about 70 bpm
42
Where is the contraction of the heart generated | How does this contraction work
The SA node Electrical impulses pass on to both atria, causing them to simultaneously contract, the impulses then move to the AV node. The message is then relayed quickly down to special nerves in the septum called the bundle of his. It is concept down to the Purkinje fibers. The result is both ventricles are now stimulated to contract at the same time
43
What do baroreceptors do
Detect blood pressure in the aorta and carotid artery | Then, these receptors signal the medulla oblongata, which responds by stimulating the autonomic nervous system
44
What does the autonomic nervous system consists of, what does it do and what can its nerve impulses affect
Consists of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system Regulates equilibrium Nerve impulses can affect heart rate
45
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do | What does the sympathetic nervous system do
Tells heart to beat at a normal rate | Tells heart to increase heart rate
46
How do sympathetic nerves work
Sympathetic nerve send impulses to the pacemaker to increased heart rate, which increases blood flow to the tissues
47
What is tachychardia | What is bradycardia
Heart rate exceeds 100bpm | Low heart rate
48
How do parasympathetic nerves work
Parasympathetic nerves are stimulated, nerve impulse is sent to the pacemaker to slow the heart down
49
What does an electrocardiogram do
Measure the electrical activity of the heart
50
What is the lubb dubb sound of the heart we hear caused by
Opening and closing of heart valves Lubb: Closing of AV valves (ventricles pumping) Dubb: Closing of semi lunar valves (atria pumping)
51
What is systole | What is diastole
Period of contraction | Period Of relaxation
52
Describe the cycle of contraction and relaxation
Atria are relaxed and filled with blood Atria contract and AV valves open Blood flows and fills the ventricles Ventricles contract and the pressure causes the AV valves to close Blood pushes through the semi lunar valves and into the arteries Semi lunar valves close Ventricular relaxation
53
When does heart murmur occur
When blood leaks past a closed heart valve
54
What are two ways the heart makes up for decreased oxygen
The heart can beat faster or the cardiac muscle can stretch more than normal
55
What are beta blockers used for
They slow heart rate down. Often used to treat irregular heartbeats and high blood pressure
56
How do beta blockers work
Epinephrine, a stress hormone, binds to receptors on heart cells and blood vessels This increases heart rate and narrows blood vessels Beta blockers work by binding to the receptor site on the cell so epinephrine can't bind
57
What is cardiac output | How do you calculate it
The amount of blood that flows from the heart each minute | Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
58
What kind of heart rate do people with well-developed hearts have How do weaker hearts compensate
Low heart rate because they can pump greater volumes of blood By increasing the heart rate
59
How many factors affect cardiac output and what are they
Two factors: heart rate and stroke volume
60
What is heart rate | What is stroke volume
Heart beats per minute | Amount of blood in mL that is pumped with each beat
61
What is blood-pressure and how is it measured
Pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries | Sphygmomanometer
62
Where is blood-pressure highest, high, and where is it low and lowest
Highest: left ventricle High: systemic circulation Low: pulmonary circulation Lowest: right side of heart
63
How many factors affect blood pressure and what are they
Five factors | Cardiac output, hormones, nervous stimulation, metabolic waste, arteriolar resistance
64
What is arteriolar resistance
As the smooth muscle in the arterials contract, the diameter decreases, so less blood enters More blood is then left in the artery which increases the arteries blood pressure
65
How do hormones and nerve stimulation affect blood pressure
Both cause the construction of arteries and arterioles and increase blood pressure
66
What are metabolite wastes and what do they do
Compounds such as acids and carbon dioxide, which both cause vessels to dilate, which decreases blood pressure
67
What happens when blood pressure is too high… Too low
To high: vessels are damaged, if you add stress, vessels rupture Too low: tissues will not receive enough blood
68
What is hypertension | What is caused by
Persistent high blood pressure | Caused by heredity and poor diet
69
How does high-pressure work
Parasympathetic nerve function increases while sympathetic function decreases Arterioles dilate and bloodflow increases Heart rate and cardiac output decreases, which means pressure decreases
70
How does low-pressure work
Sympathetic nerve function goes up while parasympathetic nerve function decreases Arterioles constrict and bloodflow decreases Are great and cardiac output increase, which means pressure increases
71
What are the functions of adrenalin
Releases red blood cells from the spleen Vasodilation of arterials in heart, brain, muscle Vasoconstriction of arterioles in kidneys, stomach, intestines
72
What is thermoregulation
The maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function
73
What happens to the body when it is hot
Thermo receptors in the skin detect a rise in temperature to the hypothalamus The hypothalamus sends a nerve impulse to the sweat glands, and you begin to sweat Evaporation of perspiration cools the skin Nerve impulse also sent to blood vessels, causing them to dilate, increasing blood flow to skin
74
What happens to your body when it is cold
Chemoreceptors in skin send nerve impulse to hypothalamus Hypothalamus send message to Smooth muscle in arterials to constrict, which produces heat loss To smooth muscle around hair follicles to stand on and, trapping heat To skeletal muscle to initiate shivering, which generates heat
75
What do capillaries do
Provide cells with nutrients and oxygen Take away cell wastes Maintain a constant fluid level
76
Where does filtration occur and what happens during filtration
Occurs in the arteriole end of the capillary Water and small ions move out of the Cappellar he and into the Extracellular fluid Movement is the result of pressure gradient from high to low pressure
77
Where does absorption occur and what happens during absorption
Occurs in the venule end of the capillary Water moves from extracellular fluid into the capillary Movement is the result of osmotic gradient from high to low concentration of water
78
What forces determine water movement between blood and extracellular fluid
Fluid pressure and osmotic pressure
79
What does the lymphatic system do
Return small amounts of protein that were leaked from the capillaries back to the circulatory system
80
What do lymph vessels use to move the fluids
One-way valves and muscular contractions
81
What is the main duct of the lymphatic system called
The thoracic duct
82
What do lymph nodes do
Manufacture and house macrophages and store lymphocytes
83
What do all blood cells in the body begin as | What produces all blood cells
Stem cells | Red bone marrow
84
Where is red bone marrow found in children? In adults?
Children: most bones Adults: found in cranium, sternum, ribs, spinal column, and long bones
85
What is the spleen
One of the body's largest lymphoid organs
86
When does the spleen release red blood cells
When there is low blood pressure or oxygen levels drop
87
What happens to the thymus gland with age | Where is it located
Get smaller with age | Located in front of trachea, above the heart

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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