Immune System Flashcards by Mridula M

What does plasma consist of?

Plasma proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases and waste products such as CO2

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What does blood consist of?

45% hematocrit (red blood cells)
1% white blood cells
55% plasma

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What do plasma proteins help maintain?

Homeostasis (balance)

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How many types of plasma proteins are there and what are they?

Three types

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

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What do albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens do?

Albumins establish osmotic pressure in the capillaries
Globulins help provide protection
Fibrinogens are important in blood clotting

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What are the functions of blood?

Transport of gases, nutrients etc.
Maintaining water balance
Maintaining body temp 
Maintaining a pH
Protection from disease

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What are erythrocytes

RBCs

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What are the functions of erythrocytes

How long do they live?

O2 transport
No nucleus,
Live 120 days, and then are broken down by the river

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Where is blood first made?
What is this process called?
What do all RBCs begin as?

In the bone marrow
Erythropoisesis
Begin as stem cells

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How does an RBC age?

What monitors the age of RBCs

The outer membrane becomes brittle, causing them to rupture in the capillaries
Specialized white blood cells in the liver and spleen

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What happens when there is low oxygen at high altitudes

Kidneys release renal erythropoietic factor(REF)
REF combines with liver globulins to make erythropoietin, beginning RBC production
Increased amount of RBCs increases the amount of O2 bring delivered to cells

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What is anemia

Low energy levels and low hemoglobin or RBC

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What are causes of anemia

Hemmorage
Physical injury
Bleeding ulcers
Or low iron

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What are leukocytes
Do they have a nucleus?
Where are they made

White blood cells
Yes
Bone marrow

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What are the functions of WBCs

Destroy invading microbes

Produce antibodies

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What is diapedesis

Dead WBC, dead microbes and remaining proteins = pus

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What are platelets also called
Do they contain a nucleus
Where are they produced
What do they play an important role in?

Thrombocytes
No
Bone marrow
Clotting

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Is blood clotting good or bad

What is thrombus

Prevent blood loss, but can also be life threatening

Large blood clots that block blood vessels

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What is embolus

Is it good or bad

A dislodged clot
Life threatening because it can be lodged in a vital organ
Ex: cerebral embolism

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Clotting steps (detailed)

Platelets stick to injured site and change shape (from round to spiny
They release a substance that attracts more platelets and thromboplastin
Thromboplastin activates a plasma protein prothrombin
Prothrombin transformed to thrombin
Thrombin slices a plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin threads
fibrin threads wrap around damaged area
RBCs and more platelets become trapped and the clot is formed

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Clotting steps (concise)

Platelets rupture
Release of thromboplastin
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Fibrinogen in plasma
Converted to fibrin threads
Clot

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How many types of leukocytes are there and what are they?

Two types
Granulocytes- those with granules
Agranulocytes- those without granules

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What is fluosol

Artificial blood

non-toxic liquid that contains fluorine

Advantages of fluosol

requires no blood matching
Can be stored for long periods of time
Does not need to be screened

Fluosol disadvantages

Can't form clots | Offers no immunity

How many blood types are there and what are they? How is blood type determined Are they inherited from parents or randomly generated

Four types: A B AB O Glycogen proteins attached to the cell membrane of red blood cells Inherited

Describe type A blood Type B Type AB Type O

A has A glycoprotein/marker B has B glycoprotein/maker AB has both A marker & B marker is the universal recipient O has no marker & universal donor

blood type, what type it can recieve, and what types it can donate to

A - receive A,O donate to A,AB B - receive B,O donate to B,AB AB - receive all donate to AB O - receive O donate to all

What happens if you receive the wrong blood

Antibodies produced by WBCs trap blood cells by attaching to the antigen Blood cells clump, resulting in agglutination Agglutination clogs capillaries

What is Rhesus factor Is it inherited What does Rhesus positive mean What does Rhesus negative mean

Antigen on RBCs Yes You have the antigen You don't have the antigen and can donate to Rh+

What is erythroblastosis fetalis

Mother having Rh- while baby has Rh+ During second pregnancy, Rh- mom makes antibodies against the Rh+ child antigen and antibodies combine causing the blood to clump… starving developing tissues of oxygen

What is erythroblastosis fetalis also called

Blue baby condition

What does the immune system do

Protect against threats in our environment

How many types of immunity and what are they

Innate, which you are born with | Acquired, which you develop throughout your life

What is the first line of defence What does the skin do to kill bacteria What do the mucous membranes secrete

Barriers such as: cilia, HCL, skin and mucous membranes Has acidic secretions tears, saliva, perspiration All contain lysozyme an antimicrobial enzyme that destroys the cell walls

What does the second line if defence include?

Neutrophils and macrophages

What do macrophages do

Engulf invading organisms by phagocytosis | Display the foreign antigen on their membrane

What so neutrophils do

Are attracted to a signal damaged cells give off and migrate towards them Engulf the microbe and macrophage

What is the third life of defence

``` Very specific Complement proteins (serum proteins) aggregate to initiate an attack on the cell membranes of fungal or bacterial cells ```

What do first group, second group, and third group do

1st group seals invader  2nd group punctures wall  3rd group attaches to the invader to attract leukocytes

What do T cells do?

contain the blue prints for antibodies search for invaders signal the attack

What do helper T cells do

Read the antigens shape and release lymphokine

What are antibodies | What are antigens

y shaped proteins that bind to specific antigen markers on other cells Protein markers that are found on the cell membranes of most cells

What happens when antibodies attach to the antigen markers | What does this do

The form an antigen – antibody complex | It ties up invaders so they can't damage ourselves

What will macrophages do to the antigen-antibody complex

Engulf and destroy it

What do suppressor T cells do What cells do the immune system make What do these cells do

Inhibit the immune response Memory B&T cells Recognize the invader if it returns

What do viruses do

Use receptor sites as entry port | Inject DNA material into the cell but leave the protein coat at the receptor site

What are two problems caused by the malfunction of the immune system

Immunodeficiency diseases | Inappropriate or exaggerated immune response

What is an example of the immunodeficiency disease

HIV - This virus targets T cells

What is an example of inappropriate or exaggerated immune response

Allergies or autoimmune diseases

When do allergies occur

When your immune system mistakes harmless antigens for harmful invaders

How do the bodies try to get rid of harmless antigens when you have an allergy

Releasing histamine which causes irritation Secreting tears or mucus Coughing

What is an anaphylactic reaction | What happens

I severe allergies that can occur quickly or be delayed | Large amounts of histamine is released by the body

What happens during auto immune disease | What is it believed to be caused by

The immune system can't distinguish between self and nonself and attacks its own tissues/organs Mutated T cells and B cells

What are some examples of autoimmune disease

Rheumatoid arthritis, type one diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis

What is the main challenge during organ transplant rejection

Tissue rejection

What are stem cells

Pluripotent cells that can give rise to any type of cells