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Biology 20 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

0
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

Plasma proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases and waste products such as CO2

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1
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

45% hematocrit (red blood cells)
1% white blood cells
55% plasma

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2
Q

What do plasma proteins help maintain?

A

Homeostasis (balance)

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3
Q

How many types of plasma proteins are there and what are they?

A

Three types

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

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4
Q

What do albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens do?

A

Albumins establish osmotic pressure in the capillaries
Globulins help provide protection
Fibrinogens are important in blood clotting

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5
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A 
Transport of gases, nutrients etc.
Maintaining water balance
Maintaining body temp 
Maintaining a pH
Protection from disease
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6
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

RBCs

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8
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes

How long do they live?

A

O2 transport
No nucleus,
Live 120 days, and then are broken down by the river

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9
Q

Where is blood first made?
What is this process called?
What do all RBCs begin as?

A

In the bone marrow
Erythropoisesis
Begin as stem cells

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10
Q

How does an RBC age?

What monitors the age of RBCs

A

The outer membrane becomes brittle, causing them to rupture in the capillaries
Specialized white blood cells in the liver and spleen

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11
Q

What happens when there is low oxygen at high altitudes

A

Kidneys release renal erythropoietic factor(REF)
REF combines with liver globulins to make erythropoietin, beginning RBC production
Increased amount of RBCs increases the amount of O2 bring delivered to cells

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12
Q

What is anemia

A

Low energy levels and low hemoglobin or RBC

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13
Q

What are causes of anemia

A

Hemmorage
Physical injury
Bleeding ulcers
Or low iron

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14
Q

What are leukocytes
Do they have a nucleus?
Where are they made

A

White blood cells
Yes
Bone marrow

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15
Q

What are the functions of WBCs

A

Destroy invading microbes

Produce antibodies

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16
Q

What is diapedesis

A

Dead WBC, dead microbes and remaining proteins = pus

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17
Q

What are platelets also called
Do they contain a nucleus
Where are they produced
What do they play an important role in?

A

Thrombocytes
No
Bone marrow
Clotting

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18
Q

Is blood clotting good or bad

What is thrombus

A

Prevent blood loss, but can also be life threatening

Large blood clots that block blood vessels

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19
Q

What is embolus

Is it good or bad

A

A dislodged clot
Life threatening because it can be lodged in a vital organ
Ex: cerebral embolism

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20
Q

Clotting steps (detailed)

A
  1. Platelets stick to injured site and change shape (from round to spiny
    They release a substance that attracts more platelets and thromboplastin
  2. Thromboplastin activates a plasma protein prothrombin
  3. Prothrombin transformed to thrombin
  4. Thrombin slices a plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin threads
  5. fibrin threads wrap around damaged area
  6. RBCs and more platelets become trapped and the clot is formed
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21
Q

Clotting steps (concise)

A 
Platelets rupture
Release of thromboplastin
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Fibrinogen in plasma
Converted to fibrin threads
Clot
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22
Q

How many types of leukocytes are there and what are they?

A

Two types
Granulocytes- those with granules
Agranulocytes- those without granules

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23
Q

What is fluosol

A

Artificial blood

non-toxic liquid that contains fluorine

24
Q

Advantages of fluosol

A

requires no blood matching
Can be stored for long periods of time
Does not need to be screened

25
Q

Fluosol disadvantages

A

Can’t form clots

Offers no immunity

26
Q

How many blood types are there and what are they?
How is blood type determined
Are they inherited from parents or randomly generated

A

Four types: A B AB O
Glycogen proteins attached to the cell membrane of red blood cells
Inherited

27
Q

Describe type A blood
Type B
Type AB
Type O

A

A has A glycoprotein/marker
B has B glycoprotein/maker
AB has both A marker & B marker is the universal recipient
O has no marker & universal donor

28
Q

blood type, what type it can recieve, and what types it can donate to

A

A - receive A,O donate to A,AB
B - receive B,O donate to B,AB
AB - receive all donate to AB
O - receive O donate to all

29
Q

What happens if you receive the wrong blood

A

Antibodies produced by WBCs trap blood cells by attaching to the antigen
Blood cells clump, resulting in agglutination
Agglutination clogs capillaries

30
Q

What is Rhesus factor
Is it inherited
What does Rhesus positive mean
What does Rhesus negative mean

A

Antigen on RBCs
Yes
You have the antigen
You don’t have the antigen and can donate to Rh+

31
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Mother having Rh- while baby has Rh+
During second pregnancy, Rh- mom makes antibodies against the Rh+ child
antigen and antibodies combine causing the blood to clump… starving developing tissues of oxygen

32
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis also called

A

Blue baby condition

33
Q

What does the immune system do

A

Protect against threats in our environment

34
Q

How many types of immunity and what are they

A

Innate, which you are born with

Acquired, which you develop throughout your life

35
Q

What is the first line of defence
What does the skin do to kill bacteria
What do the mucous membranes secrete

A

Barriers such as: cilia, HCL, skin and mucous membranes
Has acidic secretions
tears, saliva, perspiration
All contain lysozyme an antimicrobial enzyme that destroys the cell walls

36
Q

What does the second line if defence include?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

37
Q

What do macrophages do

A

Engulf invading organisms by phagocytosis

Display the foreign antigen on their membrane

38
Q

What so neutrophils do

A

Are attracted to a signal damaged cells give off and migrate towards them
Engulf the microbe and macrophage

39
Q

What is the third life of defence

A 
Very specific 
Complement proteins (serum proteins) aggregate to initiate an attack on the cell membranes of fungal or bacterial cells
40
Q

What do first group, second group, and third group do

A

1st group seals invader
 2nd group punctures wall

 3rd group attaches to the invader to attract leukocytes

41
Q

What do T cells do?

A

contain the blue prints for antibodies
search for invaders
signal the attack

42
Q

What do helper T cells do

A

Read the antigens shape and release lymphokine

43
Q

What are antibodies

What are antigens

A

y shaped proteins that bind to specific antigen markers on other cells
Protein markers that are found on the cell membranes of most cells

44
Q

What happens when antibodies attach to the antigen markers

What does this do

A

The form an antigen – antibody complex

It ties up invaders so they can’t damage ourselves

45
Q

What will macrophages do to the antigen-antibody complex

A

Engulf and destroy it

46
Q

What do suppressor T cells do
What cells do the immune system make
What do these cells do

A

Inhibit the immune response
Memory B&T cells
Recognize the invader if it returns

47
Q

What do viruses do

A

Use receptor sites as entry port

Inject DNA material into the cell but leave the protein coat at the receptor site

48
Q

What are two problems caused by the malfunction of the immune system

A

Immunodeficiency diseases

Inappropriate or exaggerated immune response

49
Q

What is an example of the immunodeficiency disease

A

HIV - This virus targets T cells

50
Q

What is an example of inappropriate or exaggerated immune response

A

Allergies or autoimmune diseases

51
Q

When do allergies occur

A

When your immune system mistakes harmless antigens for harmful invaders

52
Q

How do the bodies try to get rid of harmless antigens when you have an allergy

A

Releasing histamine which causes irritation
Secreting tears or mucus
Coughing

53
Q

What is an anaphylactic reaction

What happens

A

I severe allergies that can occur quickly or be delayed

Large amounts of histamine is released by the body

54
Q

What happens during auto immune disease

What is it believed to be caused by

A

The immune system can’t distinguish between self and nonself and attacks its own tissues/organs
Mutated T cells and B cells

55
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune disease

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, type one diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis

56
Q

What is the main challenge during organ transplant rejection

A

Tissue rejection

57
Q

What are stem cells

A

Pluripotent cells that can give rise to any type of cells

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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