Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 30 AP > Unit D Populations > Flashcards

Unit D Populations Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

All of the genes that occur in a certain population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does P represent?

A

The frequency of gametes with the dominant allel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Q represent?

A

The frequency of gametes with the recessive allel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is frequency measured between?

A

0 and 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What must the total frequency of both alleles equal?

A

Must equal one
P + Q = 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What must the frequency of genotypes equal?

A

Must equal one
P^2 + 2PQ + Q^2 = 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does P^2 represent?

A

The frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Q^2 represent?

A

Frequency of homozygous recessive
And
recessive phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does 2PQ represent?

A

Frequency of heterozygous individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does P^2 and 2PQ add up to?

A

Add to dominant phenotype (individuals that display dominant trait)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 5 conditions in HW frequency?

A

Large population
Random Mating
NO Mutation
NO Migration
NO natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does HW frequency mean?

A

If following conditions are constant, then the gene frequency stays the same after each generation…. Is said to be in genetic equilibrium or not evolving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are eight factors that affect gene pool?

A

Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Non Random Mating
Bottle neck Effect
Founder Effect
Migration
Mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Indiviuduals best suited to the enviroment reproduce and gene frequenct changes to fit gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change in allel frequency due to chance —-> random

Natural selection is not a driving factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of population is more susceptible to genetic drift?

A

Small populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Movement of genes to one population to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

When individuals choose mates based of gene/phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a bottle neck event?

A

An event greatly reducing the population. Therefore reducing population leading to variation

Allel frequency changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Part of a population becomes isolated, new population looks like founders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Migration?

A

Various types:
Immigration: Indie moves into a population
Emigration: Indie moves out of a population

Results in change in allel frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What condition must be meet for movement to be considerd migration compatared to gene flow?

A

During migration an indie moves and stayes
Gene flow only the genes move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is mutation?

A

Can result in new allels

Can change allel frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What are abiotic interactions?
Interactions that occur between nonliving factors
25
What are biotic interactions?
Between living organisims, can lead to cooperation or competition
26
What are the two types of biotic interaction?
Intraspecific Interspecific
27
What are intraspecific interactions? | What does it lead to?
Between the same species ex: Mates, food, area Leads to evolution (sexual selection)
28
What is interspecific interaction?
Between different species Symbitoic relationships can develop - may led to evolution
29
What is Gause's Principle?
The law of competitive exclusion
30
What is the law of competitive exclusion
Two populations cannpt occupy the same niche Overtime one will become better suited and the other eliminated
31
What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?
Mutalism Commensalism Parasitism
32
What is mutalism?
Both organisms benefit
33
What is commensalism?
One benefits, the other is unaffected
34
What is parasitism?
One benefits other is harmed
35
What are defense mechanisms?
Adaptations that prey may employ that adds to the chance of survival for the species
36
What are mechanical defenses?
Examples include the presenence of armor in animals or thorns in plants - discourage predation and herbivory by discourgaing physical contact
37
What are two defense mechanism refering to body apperance?
Many species use body shape and coloration to avodi being deteced by predators. Ex: Walking stick Ex: Chameleon | Camo
38
How can coloration be used as a defense mechanism
As a way of warning predators that they are distastful/ posionous Ex: Monarch Butterfly Ex: Fire bellied toads
39
What are two behavioural defense mechanisms?
Warning calls Playing Dead
40
What are warning calls?
Some animals sound the alarm when danger approaches. For example oxpeckers will give a loud warning call when predators get too close
41
What is playing dead?
When faced with danger, some aimals pretend to be dead. This type of adaptation is known as **Thanatosis**. Since most animals avoid dead or rotting animals | Is often very effective
42
What is succession?
Observed change in the structure of an ecosystem
43
What are the two types of succession?
Primary Secondary
44
What is primary succesion?
Growth of life where it hasnt before (or where it has all died) - Valcano - Glacier retreating | Is typically primary succestion if bare rock is present
45
46
What is secondary succession?
Growth were life was before (forest fire) more common often in response to natural disaster
47
What is a pioneer organism?
In order for succession to occur, these organisms need to move into the area Ex: Lichen/Moss
48
How are lichen pionner organisms
Lichen can bread down rock creating a layer of organic material (soil)
49
What is community structure?
Composition of a community, including the number of species in that community and their reletive numbers
50
What is species richness?
The number of different species in a particular community
51
What is species diversity?
A measure of community complexity. Is a function of both the numver of different species in the community and their relatice abundances
52
What is Simpsons Diversity Index?
Measure of how diverse a community is: Diversity Index = 1-Sum(n/N)^2
53
What is a foundation species?
Create and define a community, modify the enviroment
54
What is a dominant species?
Species that are the most abundant or that collectivly have the highest biomass
55
What is a keystone species?
Species that **disproportionately** effect the community structre realtive to its biomass/abundance
56
What are the four factors that affect pop. growth?
Natality Mortality Immigration Emigration
57
What is Natality?
Birth Rate (Increases pop. size)
58
What is mortality?
Death Rate (Decrease pop. size)
59
What is immigration?
Moving into an area (Increase pop. size)
60
What is emigration?
Exiting an area (Decrease pop. size)
61
What is change in population reperseted by?
DeltaN = (Natality + immigration) - (Mortality + Emigration)
62
What is a limiting factor?
Anything that limits population growth Ex: Avaliable energy, Space
63
What does density dependent limiting factor mean?
Depends on the population size
64
What does density independent mean?
Doesnt depend on population size
65
What is biotic potential?
Highets possible growth rate (w/ no limiting factors)
66
What is carrying capacity?
Max organism the ecosystem can support
67
Describe a logistic or s shaped curve.
A logistic curve describes the growth of a population that starts out exponentially but slows as it approaches a carrying capacity due to limited resources.
68
Can you descrive a exponential curve?
Exponential Growth describes a type of growth where the rate of increase is proportional to the current population size, leading to a rapid, accelerating increase over time.
69
Describe growth rate.
Change in population over time gr = Change in pop./Change in time
70
Describe per Capita growth rate
Per capita growth rate refers to the average rate of growth per individual in the population. cgr = dN/N
71
Describe population density
Indies. per area. Dp = N/A or N/V
72
What are the three types of population dissipation patters.
Random, clumping, uniform
73
When does a logistic growth curve occur?
As limits due to density-dependent and density-independent factors are imposed As you near carrying capacity growth rate slows
74
What are the two types of populations?
Open and closed populations
75
What factors affect closed populations?
Only death and birth rate ex: Parks and Labs
75
What factors affect open populations?
Birth and Death Rate Migration and emigration
76
What are R/K selection strategies?
Life strategies for an organism to reproduce
77
Briefly describe key characteristics of K-selected organisms
-Long lives **Few Offspring** Lots of parental care Higher Survivorship Stable environment (Climax community) Close to carrying capacity Often large (due to need for time and stable environment)
78
Describe R-Selected Organisms
Short Lives Many offspring Little parental care Low survivorship Unstable enviornment
79
What are population histograms?
Shows the percentage of a population at each age group
80
What does a population histogram show if its growing?
Wider base, higher % of young people
81
What does a population histograms show if it's stable?
Base close to equal with older ages
82
What does a population histograms show if its declining?
Smaller base in relation to older people

Bio 30 AP (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions