AP Topic - Signal Transduction Flashcards
What are the two ways cells communicate with one another?
Cells communicate through direct contact, or with other cells from a distance via chemical signalling.
How do cells communicate with one another over short distances?
Using local regulators over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the signal emmiting cell.
How do cells communicate over long distances?
Signals released by one cell can travel long distances to target cells of another type.
What is direct contact between cells known as?
Gap junction
What are short distance signals known as?
Paracrine signalling
What are short distance signals called?
Paracrine system
What are long distance signals called?
Endocrine system
What are gap junctions?
In animals and plasmodesmation (in plants) are tiny channels that directly connect neighboring cells
How do cells connect directly to one another?
Two cells may bind to another because the carry complementary proteins on their surface. When the proteins bind to one another, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins, transmitting a signal.
In what system are gap junctions unutilized?
Immune system
How does paracrine system?
Cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers. (Ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells)
When is paracrine system important?
During development, when they allow one group of cells to tell a neighboring group of cells what cellular identity to take on.
How does endocrine signalling work?
When cells need to transmit signals over long distances, they use the circulatory system where signals are produced by specialized cells and release into bloodstream
What do signal transduction pathways link?
Signal reception and cellular responses
What do many signal transduction pathways include?
Protein modification and phosphorylation cascades
