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Bio 30 AP > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Griffiths experiment?

A

(1928) Found that genetic material or (transforming principle) is passed from the nonvirulent strain to the heat killed virulent strain.
Inject mice with various strains of a virus and found that the mixture between two non lethal virus’s killed the mouse, resulting in his conclusion/

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2
Q

What was the Avery-Macleod-McCarthy experiment?

A

1944 - Tried to find the transforming principle from Griffith’s experiment
Did this by testing proteins (though to be the transforming principle at the time), RNA, DNA

They found that DNA was the material that carried hereditary information

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3
Q

How did the Avery-McCarthy- Macleod experiment work?

A

They introduced enzymes to break down proteins, DNA, RNA, and observed that the mixture of the 2 non lethal viruses was only affected when DNA was broken down meaning DNA must be the transforming principle

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4
Q

What was the Hershey and Chase experiment?

A

After the Avery-Macleod-McCarthy experiment some still believed proteins was the transforming principle
By using radioactive isotopes, the should that bacteriaphages pass their DNA into a bacteria to infect it and not their protein

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5
Q

What role did Franklin, Watson, and Crick have in the discovery of DNA?

A

Using X-Ray crystallography (X-Ray pic from Franklin), Watson and Crick were able to determine the shape of DNA.
Franklin published a much more strong mathematical explanation however was not given full credit due to sexism

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6
Q

Who was Thomas Hunt Morgan?

A

The fruit fly guy - He is famous for studying fruit flys and discovered genetic linkage and x-linked traits

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7
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A molecule composed of two chains that could around each other to form a double helix.

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8
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

Genetic instructions for the deveolpment, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms.

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9
Q

What are the functions of Nucleic acids?

A

Used to carry genetic information in organisms
Carry messages that code for different genes with produce proteins

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10
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid (RNA, mRNA, tRNA)

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11
Q

What type of molecule is DNA?

A

A polymer, monomers are called nucleotides

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of nucleotides?

A

A - Adenine (Purine)
T - Thymine (Pyrimidine)
G - Guanine (Purine)
C - Cytosine (Pyrimidine)
U - Uracile (Replaces thymine in RNA)

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13
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone and one nitrogen base

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14
Q

What is the location for bonding between sugar and phosphate?

A

The 3’ and 5’ position

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15
Q

What is each side of a right handed helix composed of?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

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16
Q

What are the ‘rungs’ of DNA?

A

Nitrogen bases

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17
Q

What are the nitrogen based connected by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

What is the relatinoship between Purines and pyrimidine?

A

Purine bonds w/ pyrimidine
A and T
G and C

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19
Q

Who was Erwin Chargaff?

A

He looked at DNA between different species and discovered various ‘rules’ regarding DNA

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20
Q

What are the Chargaffs rules?

A
  1. AT:GC is same for same species and different for different species
  2. A = T, G=c
  3. A+T doesn’t equal G + C
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21
Q

What is mtDNA?

A

DNA located in the mitochondria
Mom passes done mtDNA, beacuse the egg supplies mitochondria

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22
Q

How does DNA Condense into chromosomes

A

Histones (proteins) help wrap DNA - similar to garden hose
Furthermore, nucleosomes wrap around DNA into tighter and tigher coilds

23
Q

When does DNA replication take place?

A

During S phase

24
Q

What is step one of DNA replication?

A

DNA is unwound by helicase

25
Q

What is helicase?

A

A specilized enzyme used to break the hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases

26
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase pairs nucleotides to single strands of DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
The sugar-phosphate backbone is reformed

27
Q

What is the outcome/problom with polymerase?

A

One strand becomes the leading strand and the other ‘laggs’ behind forming the lagging strand.

28
Q

What happens to the lagging strand?

A

The DNA is copied backwards resulting in Okazaki fragments

29
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A

Meaning each new strand has half old DNA and halkf new DNA

30
Q

The first step of DNA replication can also be called Initiation. Please outline the Initation stage?

A

Helicase unzips DNA creating a replication fork (two make a bubble)

31
Q

Step 2 can also be known as elongation. Please outline elongation.

A

Primase adds RNA Primer
Then…
DNA polymerase extends from this primer (copies ‘ to 3’) resulting in lagging strands

32
Q

Step 3 can also be known as termination. Please outline termination?

A

Exonuclease removes primers
and DNA ligase joins fragments sealing DNA up

33
Q

What is DNA proofreading?

A

DNA polymerase checks for these errors by checking the width of the helix.

34
Q

What is the error rate of DNA replication?

A

Mistakes in the initial pairing of template nucleotides and complementry nucleotides occur at a rate of 1 per 100,000 base pairs
After DNA polymerase checks for errors it is 1/10 billion base pairs

35
Q

What can result in replicaiton error?

A

Exposure to chemcials, virsuses and radiation cause damage to DNA, meaning the human body needs 130 enzymes to constantly check DNA for errors

36
Q

What is a telomere?

A

Regions of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of a chromatid, protecting the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes.

37
Q

What is PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

38
Q

What are the steps involved in SLR?

A
  1. Denaturation of template DNA
  2. Annealing of primers to each original strand
  3. Exstension (elongation) of new DNA strands from primers
39
Q

What is the purpose of SLR?

A

Amplify DNA

40
Q

What does DNA encode for?

A

A protein which is a chain of amino acids. Each gene encodes for a chain of amino acids

41
Q

What determines the sequence of amino acids?

A

The sequence of nucleotides

42
Q

What does 3 nucleotides create?

A

A codon

43
Q

What does a codon code for?

A

A specific amino acid

44
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of going from DNA to RNA

45
Q

What must be done before a protein can be made?

A

The DNA must be read and converted into the messenger RNA (mRNA), through the process of transcription

46
Q

What are the three steps of transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

47
Q

What occurs during the Initiation stage?

A

RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promotor

48
Q

What is the promotor?

A

Is a sequence of DNA found near the beginning of a gene.

49
Q

What occurs in elongation?

A

One strand of DNA (Template strand), acts as a template for RNA polymerase. The polymerase builds and RNA molecule out of complementary nucleotides making a chain that grows from 5’ to 3’.

50
Q

What is the difference between RNA and the coding (non-template) strand of DNA?

A

RNA has a Uracil rather then Thymine

51
Q

What happens during the Termination stage?

A

Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete. Once they are transcribe they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase

52
Q

What structure is mRNA?

A

A single helix

53
Q

What is the difference between the nucleotides between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA has Uracil instead thymine

54
Q

What is the difference between sugars in RNA from DNA?

A

RNA has ribose whereas DNA has deoxyribose

Bio 30 AP (8 decks)

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