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Bio 30 AP > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, development, sexual function, reproduction, and other things.

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2
Q

What is the difference and similarities between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

Same:
- Maintain Homeostasis
- Linked by hypthalmus
Different:
- Nervous system is fast and specific
- Endocrine is slow, transported through blood to whole body, longer lasting effects

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3
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

Made up of glands that produce and secrete hormons
- Responses to stress and injury
- Maintains homeostasis

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers released by a gland that are carried by the blood to act on target cells or organs

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5
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Secrete hormones into the blood stream directly
ex: Pituitary, thyroid

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6
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Secrete products through a duct into another organ. e: Liver, sweat glands, gull bladder

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7
Q

What organ is both exocrine and endocrine?

What does it release?

A

Pancreas - Insulin and Glucagoninto blood but digestive enzymes into small intestine through duct.

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8
Q

What is hormone secretion controlled by?

A

Regulated by the nervous system, other hormones, or negative feedback mechanisms.

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9
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates the pituitary gland which secretes tropic hormons that affect various other endocrine glands.

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10
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Homrones that affect other hormones.

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11
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior gland?

A

Oxytocin & ADH

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12
Q

What are two properties of hormones relating to solubility?

A

They can either be lipid soluble or water soluble.

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13
Q

What type of hormones are lipid soluble?

Which hormones?

A

Steroid hormones - Testosterone, estrogen, corstisol

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14
Q

What type of hormones are water soluble?

Examples?

A

Protein and amino acid based hormones: Epinephrene, hGH, thyroxine, insulin

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15
Q

How does negative feedback work?

A

When hormones level rise the organ thean releases that hormone is turned off. Because the hormone reaches the hypothalamus/pituitary and the stop releasing activation hormones.

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16
Q

What is the pituitary gland controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What are the two part of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and Posterior

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18
Q

What releases ADH and what is ADH’s role>

Difference between releases/acts on

A

Posterior pituitary gland -
-Acts on the collecting duct of a nephron
-Causes you to retain water
- ADH is released when you are dehydrated (think that DH in ADH stands for dehydrated)

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19
Q

Where is oxytocin released from and what is it’s role/function?

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Releases milk from mammary gands

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20
Q

What are two examples of positive feedback?

A

Child brith - Childs head pushes on cervix causing release of oxytocin which contracts uterus which causes more pusing on cervix.
Lactation - Child milking causes release of prolactin causing oxytocin release (milk ejection), casuing child drinking more and repeating cycle

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21
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary glands release?

A

TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH- Adrenocortictropic hormone
hGH - Human growth Hormone
Prolactin
FSH - Folicle stimulating hormone
LH

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22
Q

What is the purpose of TSH?

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones Thyroxine (t4, t3), calcitonin

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23
Q

What is the purpose of ACTH?

A

Released in times of stress, stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

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24
Q

What is the pupose of hGH?

A

Stimulates cell growth and division, bone, and muscle growth
Tells liver to secrete growth factors (protein systhesis, metabolism increase, cell division)

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25
Q

What is the purpose of prolactin?

A

Stimulates milk production from a womens breast after childbirth

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26
Q

What is the purpose of FSH?

A

Stimulates produciton of oval (eggs) and sperm

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27
Q

What is LH?

A

Stimulates release of sex hormone (testosterone, or estrogen)

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28
Q

What is the parathyroid gland?

A

4 small glands attached to thyroid

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29
Q

What do parathyroid glands secrete?

A

PTH

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30
Q

What is PTH?

A
  • Made and released when blood calcium is low
  • PTH stimulates bone cells to break down material (calcium phosphate) & reabsorb calcium into blood
  • Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium from urine, thus activating vitamin D
  • Vitamin D stiumlates absoprtion of calcium from food in intestine
  • Once blood calcium is in normal range, PTH secretion stops
31
Q

What is the adrenal gland?

A

The human body has two adrenal glands located atop the kidneys.

32
Q

What is the adrenal gland composed of?

A

Inner layer - Adrenal Medulla
Outer Layer - Adrenal Cortex

33
Q

What is the relationship between the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and hormones released?

A

Hormones that are produced by each region differ.

34
Q

What is the key characteristics of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Stimulated by endocrine system (ACTH)
  • Long term stress release
  • Releases:
    -Aldosterone - increases BP by reabsorbing Na+ 0—> H2O follows (hypotonic to hypertonic)
    - Cortisol - increases energy avaliable, reduces pain, and increases inflimation
35
Q

How does cortisol increase the amount of energy avaliable?

A

Increase energy by increasing glucose through the breakdwon of proteins.
This isn’t optimal as protein is important for human function.

36
Q

What are the two roles of the thyroid?

A

Metabolism
Calcium Levels

37
Q

How does the thyroid affect metabolism?

A

Releases T3, T4 (thyroxine) and both increase metabolism by using up blood sugar, burn fat, and increase temperature

38
Q

How does the thyroid affect Calcium levels?

A

Releases calcitonin when blood Calcium is high. The parathyroid releases PTH when blood calcium levels are low

39
Q

What is PTH?

A

Opposite of calcitonin - calcium into the blood

40
Q

What is T4 or thyroxine?

A

Primary effect is to increase bodies rate of metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

41
Q

What target organs does thyroxine act on?

A

Does not have specific organ but stimulates cells of Heart (increase HR), Skeletal muscles, liver (break down glycogen), kidneys

42
Q

What secondary role does thyroxine have in children?

A

Growth and development

43
Q

How does thyroxine increase metabolism?

A

Increase rate of cellular respiration

44
Q

What is thyroxine levels controlled by?

Describe the mechanism

A

Negative feedback -
Anterior petuitary releases TSH
Causes thyroid to gland to secrete thyroxine
As thyroxine levels in blood increase, throxine itself feeds back into the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Suppresses release of TSH, reducing T4 production

45
Q

What is required for the thyroid to produce it’’s hormones?

A

Iodine - commonly ingested through iodized table salt in Canada.

46
Q

What is calcitonin important for?

A

Healthy teeth and skeletal development
Blood clotting
Nerve conduction
Muscle conduction

47
Q

What affect does calcitonin have when released by thyroid?

A

Stimulates uptake of calcium into bones, lowering concentration in blood

48
Q

What is adrenal medulla stimulated by?

A

Nervous system (sympathetic), thus faster

49
Q

In comparison to the adrenal cortex what response is the adrenal medulla responsible for?

A

Short term fight or flight

50
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Epinephrine/norepinephrene
- Turns on fight or flight
- Increases BP and HR
- Dialtes bronchioles
-Decreases digestion

51
Q

What is the expected effect of cortisol secretion?

A

Increased blood glucose levels
Works in conjunction with epinephrine but lasts longer than

52
Q

What is the expected effect of aldosterone being released?

A

Stimulates distal and collecting tubules of kidneys to increase Na+ absorption into blood stream (Increases BP)

53
Q

Explain how ADH and aldosterone work together to maintain homeostasis during dehydration. What would happen if one of these hormones were not functioning properly?

A

ADH conserves water by increasing kidney water reabsorption, while aldosterone retains sodium, which also leads to water retention. If ADH fails, water loss increases, causing dehydration. If aldosterone fails, sodium and water are lost, lowering blood pressure.

54
Q

Analyze the effect of ADH and aldosterone on blood osmolality and blood pressure. How do their actions differ in achieving these physiological outcomes?

A

ADH lowers blood osmolality by retaining water, increasing blood volume and pressure. Aldosterone raises blood pressure by increasing sodium and water reabsorption but doesn’t affect osmolality much because sodium and water are reabsorbed together.

55
Q

Given a scenario where a patient has low blood pressure but normal blood osmolality, predict which hormone (ADH or aldosterone) would likely be more active and justify your answer.

A

Aldosterone would be more active. Low blood pressure indicates a need for increased sodium and water retention, which aldosterone controls. Normal osmolality means ADH isn’t needed.

56
Q

Evaluate how the body’s response to blood loss differs in the activation of ADH versus aldosterone. How does each hormone contribute to the restoration of blood volume?

A

ADH increases water reabsorption quickly to restore blood volume, while aldosterone increases sodium and water retention over time, raising blood volume and pressure.

57
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Large gland behindd your stomach that helps your body maintain healthy blood sugar levels

58
Q

What does the pancrease contain?

A

Islands of cells called the islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon and insulin

59
Q

What are islets of langerhorn?

A

Bundles of cells that are richely equiped with blood vessels, these are the endocrine tissue of the pancreas

60
Q

What is a beta cell?

A

Produce insulin

61
Q

What is a alpha cell?

A

Secrete glucagon

62
Q

What is insulin?

A

Decrease blood sugar levels
- Makes target cells more permeable to glucose, allowing more into the cells to be used
- Makes liver more permeable to glucose so the live can convert glucose to glycogen
- Glucose is stored as fat

63
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Raises blood sugar concentration
- Brings blood sugar back up after is has been dropped
- Makes the liver release glycogen from liver
- Breaks down fat stores

64
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage from of glucose (large chain like starch)

65
Q

What is the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

A

They work antagonisticlly to one another

66
Q

What other hormones affect glucose levels?

A

Create energy: Cortisol
Need Energy: hGH, epinehprene

67
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Results from high blood sugar levels
Includes two types type I and type II

68
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancrease cannot create insulin (autoimmune disorder - destroys beta cells)
From birth

69
Q

What is the treatment for type I diabetes?

A

Insulin injections/pump

70
Q

What is type II diabetes?

A

Cells don’t respond to glucose
- Develops due to age, genetics, low activity
- Beta cells work but receptors for insulin on cells stop responding
Called insulin resistance

71
Q

How is type II diabetes controlled?

A

Diet and medication

72
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Realses milk from mammary glands

73
Q

Judge the role of positive feedback during childbirth. Can this process be considered optimal, or are there potential risks that could be mitigated?

A

Positive feedback during childbirth is generally optimal, as oxytocin release intensifies uterine contractions for delivery. However, there are risks such as excessive uterine contractions (hyperstimulation), which can lead to fetal distress, suggesting the need for careful medical monitoring.

Bio 30 AP (8 decks)

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