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Bio 30 AP > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid - all genetic info of a cell

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2
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A length of DNA and its associated proteins found in nucleus of Eukaryotic cell

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3
Q

What is a Histone?

A

Protein that helps condense DNA

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4
Q

What is chromotin?

A

DNA appears in this form during most of a cells life. Becomes condensed durng cellular devision.
slightly condensed DNA

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5
Q

What s the centromere?

A

Specilized constricted (pinched in) region in the condensed chromosome.

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6
Q

What are homologous cells?

A

Similar looking chromosomes that carry the same genes also known as autosomes

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7
Q

What are the 46 somatic chromosomes divided into?

A

22 pairs of homologous cells
and 2 sex cells that may or may not be homologous

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8
Q

What are the sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y (23rd pair)

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9
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Picture of chromosomes - particular set of chromosomes that an individual posesses

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10
Q

What does the term Ploidy mean?

A

Measure of how many chromosomes

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11
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

One copy of each chromosome (sperm and eggs) | n

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12
Q

What does the term diploid mean?

A

Two copies of each chromosome (somatic cells)

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13
Q

What does the term polyploid mean?

A

More than two coppies of chromosomes (Some plants, genetic disorders)

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14
Q

What does n repersent?

A

The number of copies of each chromosome

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15
Q

Why do cells need to divide?

A

Repair, growth, sexual reproduction

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16
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokenesis

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17
Q

What are characteristics of interphase?

A

Cell growth and normal function
Not dividing
Composed of 3 stages: G1, S, G2

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17
Q

What is the G1 stage?

A

Apart of interphase, normal cell function

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18
Q

What is the S stage (Synthesis)

A

Synthesis of DNA, makes a copy of each chromosome

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19
Q

What is the G2 stage?

A

Apart of interphase, growth of cell and preperation to divide

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20
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division contains four steps:
Prophase
Metaphase
Ananphase
Telophase

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21
Q

What is cytokenesis

A

The splitting og cytoplasm, last step

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22
Q

What is G0?

A

Stage of interphase, not going to replicate DNA
Done by cells that dont divide (Neurons)

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23
Q

What is the purpose of contractile ring?

A

Pinches rhe cell into two during cytokenesis

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24
Q

What does a plant produce during cell division?

A

Cell plate, forms down middle of dividing cell, helps divide

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25
Q

What is the purpose of checkpoints in regulating the cell cycle?

A

To regulate the progression through the cycle.

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26
Q

What control the cell cycle?

A

Interactions between cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases to control the cell cycle.

27
Q

What may occur if a disruption interputs the cell cycle?

A

May result in cancer/and or programed cell death (apoptosis)

28
Q

What are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Where a cell decides to proceed with the next steps of the cell cycle.

29
Q

What are the three most important checkpoints?

A

G1, G2, Spindle Checkpoint

30
Q

What is the G1 checkpoint?

A

The main checkpoint for most cells
Usually after this checkpoint cells will divide completly
If a cell doesnt pass this ckecpoint it’s said to be in G0

31
Q

What chekcs occur at G1?

A

Cell size - is it big enough
Nutrients
Growth Factors
DNA Damage

32
Q

What occurs at the G2 checkpoint?

A

Checks for DNA damage - takes places after DNA replication

33
Q

If the cell doesnt pass the G2 checkpoint what happens?

A

Apoptosis

34
Q

What occurs at the spindle checkpoint?

A

Checks if sister chromatids are attached correctly to spindle microtubules
This is the transition checkpoint between metaphase and anaphase

35
Q

What may occur if the spindle checkpint fails?

A

May result in down syndrome

36
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Proteins that activate kinases

37
Q

What are protein kinases?

A

Enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphotlating them
Called Cyclin-dependent kinases or CDK

38
Q

How do cell checkpoints work?

A

Cyclins partner with CDKs activating it as a kinases and CDK directs it’s activation to other proteins resulting in passing the checkpoint

39
Q

What is MPF?

A

Maturation-promoting factor
A cyclin-CDK complex that was found in frog eggs

40
Q

What is the role of MPF?

A

Breaks down the nuclear membrane (before mitosis/ M phase)

41
Q

What makes cancer cells difer from othes?

A

Uncontrolled growth
Cells are undifferential and non-functional
No contact inhibition
Able to move (metastasis) through blood

42
Q

What does the term cell potency refer to?

A

A cells ability to differentiate into other cells

43
Q

What is a totipotent cell?

A

Cells that can form all other types of cells in a body and extracellular/placental cells

44
Q

Are adult mammal cells totipotent?

A

No however cells of murola are

45
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecilized cells - cannot form whole body hoever can form a vareity of cells/tissues

46
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A

Cells that can become any type of cell exluding placenta/umbillical chord

47
Q

What are multipotent cells?

A

Stem cells that are more restricted and can form a few types of tissues
ex: bone marrow cells becoming blood cells

48
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The production of cells with only half of the necessary cells (gametes)

49
Q

How does gametogensis work?

A

Through Ruduction division (Reduces DNA by half)

50
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Makes eggs - however only 1 of 4 becomes and egg the others become polar bodies

51
Q

What are polar bodies?

A

Haploid cells that dont become eggs

52
Q

What is spermatogensis?

A

Makes sperm, half of sperm get Y and other half get X

53
Q

What is the purpose of the recombination of genes?

A

Increases variation - resuling in non-indentical daughter cells

54
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 Haploid cells

55
Q

What is a tetred?

A

Homologous pair

56
Q

At what point are haploid cells produced during meiosis?

A

After meiosis 1

57
Q

What are the two ways that genetic variation may occur?

A

Independent assortment
Crossing over

58
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Creation of gametes that carry different combinations of maternal and paternak chromosomes

59
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange of genetic material between maternal and patternal chromosomes

60
Q

What process results in independent assortment?

A

During metaphase I each homolgous pair lines up at the equator
In each pair the maternal and paternal homologues are randomly pulled to poles
This results in different combinations

61
Q

What process results in crossing over?

A

During prophase I chromosomes will form a tetrad and swap genes
This produces recominants which are different from either parent

62
Q

What is the site of crossing over called

A

Chiasma

63
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to seperate propery during cell division

64
Q

What does the term synapsis refer to?

A

Coming together

65
Q

What are life cycles?

A

The series of changes that the members of a species undergo as they pass from the beginning of a given developmental stage to the inception of that same developmental stage is a subsequent generation

66
Q

What does a life cycle show?

A

When an orgnanism is haploid or diploid and how they reprodue

Bio 30 AP (8 decks)

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