Unit D Body Systems Flashcards
What is an antigen?
They are the markers.
What is an antibody?
Are the fighters
What is bile?
Bile emulsifies fat so lipases can then break it apart. That is physical digestion.
What is chyme?
Is the state food travels as until the large intestines
What are cofactors?
An inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate.
What is an erythrocytes?
A red blood cell
What are lacteals?
They are the spot fat gets absorbed
What is a leukocyte?
A white blood cell
What is a phagocytosis?
It the process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe.
What are villi?
They are small finger- like projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption.
What macronutrient is linked to heart disease?
Fats/ lipids are linked to heart disease.
What is the function of enzymes?
Enzymes will break macronutrients into useable forms. They make this process fast.
What are the digestive enzymes? Where are they found? Where are they released? What nutrients do they break down.
Carbohydrases- are found in the mouth. They are also released by the pancreas into the small intestines. They break down carbohydrates.
Proteases- first released into the stomach and later the pancreas releases more into the small intestines. They break down proteins.
Lipases- bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder and released in the small intestines. The pancreas releases lipases into the small intestines to break down fat.
What is cellulose important for?
Cellulose cannot be digested by human because we don’t have the digestive enzyme, but will scrub our intestines.
What does a carbohydrate break down into?
It breaks down into sugars or monosaccharides.
What do proteins break down into?
Amino acids
What do fats break down into?
They break down into glycerol and three fatty acids.
What does the iodine test test for?
It tests for starches/ carbs and will turn from yellow to a blue- black colour.
What does the Benedict’s solution test for?
It tests for simple sugars. Blue is a negative test and a positive test will be many different colours.
What does the Biuret test test for?
It tests for proteins. A negative test will be blue which means that there is no proteins and a positive test will be pink or purple and that means it has proteins present.
What does a translucent test test for?
This test tests for the presence of fat. If there is a grease stain then there is fat, if there is no grease stain then there is no fat
What is ingestion?
It is the taking in of nutrients
What is digestion?
The breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components by enzymes.
What is absorption?
The transport of digested nutrients in to the cells of the body.
What is egestion?
The removal of wastes.
What is the path food follows through the digestive tract and what are each of the functions?
Mouth- physical and chemical breakdown of food.
Pharynx- passage from mouth to the esophagus.
Esophagus- use peristalsis to push the food into the stomach past the LES.
Stomach- physically digest ( churns food)and chemically digests proteins.
Small intestines- chemical digestion from enzymes from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver. Absorption happens here of monosaccharides, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids.
Large intestines- absorption of water, vitamins, and minerals.
What is the salivary glands?
They secrete salivary amylase into the mouth.
What does the liver do?
It produces bile.
What does the gallbladder do?
It will store the bile that the liver makes.
What does the pancreas do?
It will produce carbohydrases, lipases, and protease and then secrete them into the small intestine.
What is the ph in different parts of the body?
Mouth- ph-8
Stomach- ph-2-3
Small intestines-ph-8
What controls the pH in the body?
Bicarbonate will control the ph. Bicarbonate will be secreted by the pancreas.
What is the difference between the mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. Chemical is the the breakdown into useable parts.
What do the villi do?
The villi will absorb the nutrients after chemical digestion.
What are the types of muscle?
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
Describe smooth muscle.
Mostly internal organs
Thin
Non-striated
One nucleus per cell
Describe cardiac muscle.
Only found in the heart Tubular Thick Branched Striated Many nuclei
Describe skeletal muscle.
Voluntary Attached to the skeletal Striated Thick Non-branched
What is the difference between actin and myosin?
Actin is thin
Myosin is thick and has a head
What is the source of energy for the muscle?
ATP is the energy and is required for muscle contraction.
How does the sliding filament model work?
The myosin attaches to the actin and pulls the actin over. The actin will slide over the myosin.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Max amount you breath in after a normal breath
What is tidal volume?
Normal breath in and out
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Max amount you breath out after a normal breath out.
What is residual volume?
The amount of air that stays in the lungs.
What is vital capacity?
The max amount of air that can be exhaled after a full inhalation.
How does O2 and CO2 levels affect breathing rates.
When there is lots of CO2 breathing rates will increase. When there is little O2 breathing rates will increase. Then when levels become normal breathing will go back to normal.
How is the respiratory system controlled by the heart and brain? Be able to explain how the receptors in the heart, brain and diaphragm work together to help with the breathing process?
Two main chemoreceptors that are in your body will Detect O2 is low or CO2 is high in the blood stream. The carotid artery and aortic artery have chemoreceptors. Both of these receptors are controlled by the medulla oblongata in the brain. Both respond by sending a message to the diaphragm to increase breathing rate.
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide carried through the blood?
Red blood cells will bind it to CO2 and O2 to transport it through the bloodstream. O2 and CO2 will bind to the hemoglobin of the red blood cell.
What is the pathway of air as it travels from the nasal cavity to the cells of the body?
Nasal cavity will warm and filter the air.
Pharynx will join the nasal cavity to the trachea.
epiglottis will make sure no food will enter the trachea.
Trachea is a cartilage lined tube that brings air to the lungs.
Larynx contains the vocal chords.
Bronchi will branch into the left and right lungs.
Bronchioles will increase surface area so more air can get into the lungs.
Alveoli is where gas exchange occurs.
Capillaries the air will diffuse in or out of them.
Cells of the body gasses will diffuse between capillaries and the body.
How does the body change during inhalation and exhalation and how does this change air pressure?
During inhalation the intercostal muscles Flex lift up and out. The diaphragm contracts and pulls down. When the diaphragm pulls down the thoracic cavity decreases in pressure. This pressure decrease forces air into the lungs.
During exhalation intercostal muscles relax and lower the ribs. The diaphragm will relax and move up to the normal position. When the diaphragm relaxes Air is pushed out of the lungs and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. This increases air pressure.
What is the purpose of the excretory system?
The purpose is to remove waste from the blood and the body.
What parts of the body make up the excretory system?
The kidneys.
Lungs and nose.
Excretion by skin
Excretion by digestive system
What do the kidneys do?
They remove wastes from the blood thus producing urine
What do the ureters do?
Carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder
Purpose of the bladder?
Temporarily store urine
Purpose of urethra?
Carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
What is the pathway of urine starting at the kidneys and ending outside of the body?
Blood will travel to the kidneys and the wastes will be pushed out the blood, the kidneys will then filter between what is waste and what the body still needs. The urine will then make its way to the ureters which will slowly drip the urine to the urinary bladder. The bladder will store the urine until it is full then the urethra will carry the urine outside of the body.
What are the parts of the nephron?
Glomerulus will carry waste in the blood to the Bowmans capsule.
Bowmans capsule will filter blood so only small particles go into the nephron.
Proximal tubule- most of the waste will go back into the blood this is called absorption.
Loop of Henley- in the descending loop water will leave. in the ascending loop salt will leave.
Distal tubule is where waste that left in the proximal tubule is put back into the nephron at the distal tubule. this is called secretion.
Collecting duct this will transport waste to the bladder.
What molecules are transported in and out of the nephron in different stages?
The glomerulus is impermeable to protein and other large molecules and red blood cells.
Water, small molecules, ions, and urea pass through the walls and proceed further into the nephron.
Loop of henele the blood absorbs substances that are useful to the body such as glucose and a variety of ions from Filtrate passing through it.
Distal tubule excess molecules of water and other substances will reenter the nephron and be shuttled out of the body.
Describe arteries and arterioles.
Arteries transport oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries. They carry blood away from the heart. Thick and muscular walls which pump blood at high-pressure. They branch off into smaller capillaries called arterioles.
Describe the veins and venules.
Veins transport deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins. They carry blood to the heart. They have thin walls and valves. They branch into small capillaries called venules.
Describe capillaries.
They have thin tubes and can only transport one cell through. They’re only one cell thick.
What are the functions of the four heart chambers?
There are two filling chambers, the atria. There are two pumping chambers, ventricles.
What is the function of valves?
Valves will offer one way flow in the heart and In veins
How does the hearts pacemaker work?
The SA node causes the atria to contract.
The AV node causes the ventricles to contract.
What make lub dub sound in the heart?
The closing of the valves make the sound. The AV valves make the lub. The semilunar valves make the dub.
What factors cause blood pressure to increase?
Smoking drinking overweight suffering prolong stress having a high sodium intake
What factors decrease blood pressure?
Weight-loss
regular exercise
reduction
salt intake
What does a blood pressure reading tell us?
A blood pressure reading will tell you the pressure when the ventricles are contracting and the pressure when the heart is relaxing. Systolic pressure will be the top number usually 120. Diastolic pressure will be the bottom number and is usually 80.
Describe red blood cells.
Red blood cells will transport oxygen from the lungs to the body it will also bring carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. red blood cells contain hemoglobin and that’s the part that will carry oxygen. They’re made in the bone marrow and live up to 120 days. Worn-out recycled cells will go to the liver and the spleen.
Describe white blood cells.
White blood cells have a new large nucleus that they defend the body against germ warfare. There made in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues and transported by the circulatory system. There are five different types of white blood cells that will help defend the body.
Describe platelets.
Platelets are cell fragments. They are made in the bone marrow from large white blood cells. They’re not nucleated and live for about seven days.
Describe plasma.
Plasma the liquid portion of the blood. It is 90% water and clear there are three types of proteins
Albumin- keeps water in the blood.
Fibrinogen- blood clotting.
Globulins- transports proteins and antibodies for immunity.
What is the importance of a blood test? What details can the blood test how about an individual?
The blood test can reveal what blood type the person is. If there is high amounts of white blood cells. The blood test will also be able to tell if the person has HIV-AIDS or another illness like that.
