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Grade 9: Science > Unit D: 1.0 & 2.0 > Flashcards

Unit D: 1.0 & 2.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes static electricity?

A

The proton has a positive charge and the electron has a negative charge. The charges on the particles can cause either attractive or repulsive forces between the particles

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2
Q

Why do objects attract or repel each other?

A

Because they are electrically charged

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3
Q

How do opposite charges affect each other?

A

They attract each other

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4
Q

How do like charges affect each other?

A

They repel each other

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5
Q

What makes an object neutral?

A

having equal amounts of positive and negative charges

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6
Q

What do charged objects cause when they are brought next to neutral objects?

A

Charge separation

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7
Q

What does it mean if an object is charged?

A

They either have more protons than electrons or the opposite.

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8
Q

What is charge separation?

A

When protons or electrons on a charged object cause it to repel on neutral objects

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9
Q

What is electrical discharge?

A

When a negative charge builds up on an object and causes it to be attracted to another object and so it jumps to that object.

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10
Q

What are the laws of electrical charges?

A
  • Opposite charges attract each other.

* Like charges repel each other.

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11
Q

What are VAN DE GRAAFF GENERATORS?

A

A machine that produces static build-up by using friction

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12
Q

How does a Van De Graff generator work?

A

A rubber belt rubs on a piece of metal and transfers the charge to a sphere. The charge builds up on the sphere and transfers to you when you touch the sphere

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13
Q

How is electricity in an electric eel produced?

A

By a special organ in the tail that contains thousands of modified muscle cells called electroplaques

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14
Q

Why are static charges not able to operate electrical devices?

A

They build up and discharge, but they do not flow continuously.

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15
Q

What is electrical current?

A

The steady flow of charged particles

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16
Q

What are the two conditions that let electricity flow continuously?

A

-The flow of electrical current requires an energy
source
- Electrical current will not flow unless it has a complete path or circuit for the charged particles to flow through

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17
Q

What are amperes?

A

The rate at which an electrical current flow is measured

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18
Q

Who is the ampere named after?

A

in honour of the French physicist, mathematician, and philosopher André-Marie Ampère

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19
Q

What are materials that electrical charges can move through easily called?

A

Conductors

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20
Q

What is a circuit?

A

A circuit is a path that controls the flow of electricity

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21
Q

What is a load in a circuit?

A

The load is a device to convert electrical energy to another form of energy

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22
Q

What does a circuit usually include?

A

A circuit usually includes a conductor, an energy source, and a load

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23
Q

What is Electrical energy?

A

The energy carried by charged particles

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24
Q

What is voltage?

A

Voltage is a measure of how much electrical energy each charged particle carries

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25
Q

What is voltage also called?

A

Potential difference

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26
Q

The higher the voltage is, the greater the ……

A

potential energy of each particle.

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27
Q

What is the unit of voltage?

A

The unit of voltage is the volt

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28
Q

What is the simplest way to measure volts?

A

The simplest way to measure voltage is with a voltmeter.

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29
Q

What is each millivolts to volts?

A

Each millivolt is 1/1000 of a volt

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30
Q

What does short circuit mean?

A

When it bypasses part of the normal circuit

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31
Q

What must be considered if you get an electric shock?

A

voltage and amperage

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32
Q

What is most important when assessing the danger of an electric shock?

A

The number of amps is much more important than voltage

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33
Q

What would happen if 0.001 A passed through your body?

A

You would likely not feel it

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34
Q

What would happen if 0.015 A to 0.020 A passed through your body?

A

You will cause a painful shock, and loss of muscle control.

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35
Q

What is the third prong in the plug meant for?

A

It connects to the ground of your home just in case it short circuits

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36
Q

How do fuses work?

A

Fuses contain a thin piece of metal that is specially designed to melt if too much current passes through it.

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37
Q

How does a circuit breaker work?

A

Instead of melting, the hot wire triggers a spring mechanism that turns off the switch inside the circuit breaker. As soon as the wire has cooled, the circuit breaker can be turned back on

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38
Q

What is a lightning rod?

A

A rod on a tall building that connects to the ground in case lightning strikes

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39
Q

What does a pacemaker do?

A

Delivers a small amount of current at regular intervals to keep the heart beating normally

40
Q

What is an electrochemical cell?

A

An electrochemical cell is a package of chemicals designed to produce small amounts of electricity

41
Q

Where does the electricity in a electrical cell come from?

A

Chemical reactions between the different metals

42
Q

What are the 2 different types of cells?

A

Dry cells and wet cells

43
Q

Why are dry cells called dry cells?

A

Becuase they are in a paste and sealed so they can be used in any position

44
Q

How does a dry cell work?

A

The chemical reaction in the cell releases free electrons. These electrons travel from the negative terminal of the cell, through the electricity-using device, and back to the positive terminal of the cell

45
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

An electrolyte is a paste or liquid that conducts

electricity because it contains chemicals that form ions

46
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has become electrically charged through the loss or gain of electrons from one atom to another

47
Q

What are the 2 metals in a cell called?

A

Electrodes

48
Q

What happens as a result of the electrodes reacting with the electrolyte?

A

As a result of this reaction, one electrode becomes positively charged, and the other becomes negatively charged

49
Q

What type of electrolyte does a wet cell use?

A

Usually an acid

50
Q

How does a wet cell work?

A

The acidic electrolyte gradually eats away the zinc
electrode. This process leaves behind electrons that give the slowly disappearing electrode a negative charge. Eventually the zinc electrode must be replaced. The chemical reaction between the copper electrode and the acidic electrolyte leaves the copper with a positive charge but does not eat away the copper. Electrons travel along the wire from the negative zinc electrode to the positive copper electrode

51
Q

What are primary cells?

A

Primary cells produce electricity from chemical reactions that cannot be reversed. E.g. Dry cells and wet cells

52
Q

What is different about a rechargeable cell?

A

The chemical reactions in a rechargeable cell can be

reversed

53
Q

How does a rechargeable cell work?

A

By using an external electrical source to run electricity back through the cell. The reversed flow of electrons restores the reactants that are used up when the cell produces electricity.

54
Q

What are secondary cells?

A

Cells that can be recharged

55
Q

What creates a battery?

A

Connecting cells together

56
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Using electricity to split molecules into elements

57
Q

What is electrochemistry?

A

The study of chemical reactions

58
Q

What are common uses for electrolysis?

A

To make drinking water safe, and to make rocket fuel

59
Q

What is electroplating?

A

Covering cheaper metal with a more exspensive metal

60
Q

How does electroplating work?

A

Using a wet cell. The item to be coated and a bar of the coating are immersed in an electrolyte. A source of electricity is connected between the two metals. The flow of electricity deposits atoms from the positive metal to the naegative metal.

61
Q

What is Electrorefining?

A

Used to remove impurities from metal

62
Q

What is Anodizing?

A

A process to coat aluminum part with a layer of aluminum oxide

63
Q

Describe neon signs

A

Consist of a glass tube filled with gas. The tubes have metal on each end and connected to an electrical source

64
Q

How do electrons look in insulators?

A

The electrons are tightly bound to the nuclei so they resist movement

65
Q

How do electrons look in a conductor with no voltage applied?

A

The electrons are not as tightly bound to the nuclei. They can drift away from the nuclei but do not flow in any one direction.

66
Q

How do electrons look in a conductor with voltage applied?

A

They are not bound to any nuclei. The electrons flow toward the positive terminal of the voltage source.

67
Q

What are superconductors?

A

Superconductors are perfect conductors—they have no resistance to electron flow

68
Q

Why aren’t all metals superconductors?

A

Becuase the electrons encounter resistance

69
Q

What is required for mercury to be a perfect conductor?

A

Must be cooled to absolute 0 (-273 C)

70
Q

What is a resistor?

A

A resistor allows electric current to pass but provides resistance to it. This limits the amount of current.

71
Q

What is Resistance?

A

Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a substance

72
Q

What is resistance measured in?

A

Ohms

73
Q

What can increase the energy a substance gains?

A

Resistance

74
Q

Why is distilled water not a good conductor?

A

Because it only contains water molecules and they have no electrical charge.

75
Q

How does a lie detector machine work?

A

It uses the salt in your sweat. If you sweat more you conduct more electricity

76
Q

How does a switch work?

A

When a switch is on two conductors are pressed together to complete a circuit

77
Q

What is a variable resistor or rheostat?

A

Rheostats can increase or decrease the amount of current in a circuit by adjusting the portion of the resistor that the current travels through

78
Q

What kind of wire in a circuit would have more resistance?

A

A long thin wire

79
Q

What decreases if you add resistance?

A

current

80
Q

What is ohms law?

A

Ohm’s law states that as long as the temperature stays the same:
• the resistance of a conductor stays constant, and
• the current is directly proportional to the voltage applied.

81
Q

What is the formula for find the voltage, resistance, or current of a circut?

A

I x R

82
Q

Who created ohms law?

A

Georg Simon Ohm

83
Q

Why is ohms law not perfect?

A

Becuase the temperature of a resistor changes the resistance changes as well

84
Q

What is potential difference sometimes called?

A

Voltage drop

85
Q

How is potential difference measured?

A

Using voltmeter or milivoltemeters

86
Q

What are ammeters used to measure?

A

Ammeters are used to measure electric current in amperes

87
Q

What are galvanometers?

A

Meters used to measure small currents are sometimes called galvanometers.

88
Q

What are multimeters used to measure?

A

Voltage, current, or resistance in a circuit.

89
Q

What are the four parts of a circuit?

A
  • Energy Source
  • Conductor
  • A switching mechanism
  • A load
90
Q

What are the two different types of circuits?

A

Parallel and series circuit

91
Q

Explain a series circuit

A

In a series circuit, there is only one pathway for the current. If that pathway is interrupted, the whole circuit cannot function

92
Q

What are the problems with a series circuit?

A
  • If a pathway is interrupted, the whole circuit cannot function.
  • adding components increases the total resistance of the circuit. Which decreases current
93
Q

Explain a parallel circuit

A

They have a separate current path for each section of the circuit

94
Q

What are some positives to parallel circuits?

A
  • An interruption or break in one pathway does not affect the rest of the pathways in the circuit
  • Adding a new pathway with more resistors does not affect the resistance in any of the other pathways
95
Q

What are microcircuits?

A

Circuits on an extremely small scale

Grade 9: Science (20 decks)

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