Unit B: section 2.0 Flashcards
What age did the first chemists live in?
The stone age
What was the very first known age?
the stone age
Around what year was the stone age?
8000 BC
Describe the stone age
-Metals had not yet been discovered -Learned to control fire to make mud bricks, cook, and make tougher tools.
What did the ability to control fire lead to?
production of glass and ceramic material
What was the second age?
The metal age
When did the metal age take place?
Between 6000 and 1000 BC
Describe the metal age?
Scientists investigated metals with a higher value such as gold and copper.
Why were scientists attracted to gold and copper?
Because of its luster and it didn’t tarnish. It was also easy to shape because of its softness
What was a downside to gold?
It could not be used for weapons because it was too soft
Why was copper valuable?
Because it could be used to make pots, coins, tools, and jewelry.
What metal when heated becomes very useful but when untreated is very useless?
Copper
What is bronze?
A material created when tin and copper are heated together.
When did experimenting with copper begin?
About 4500 BC
What is the third age?
The iron age
What year was the iron age?
1200 BC
How did the iron age begin?
The hittites learned how to extract iron from rocks
How was steel created?
People learned to combine iron and carbon
What was made with steel?
Sharper and stronger blades
Where does the word chemistry come from?
The greek word ‘khemia’ meaning juice of a plant
Who used the word ‘atomos’ to describe the smallest particles?
Greek philosipher Democritus
What did Democritus believe about atomos?
He believed that everything was made of atomos and each atomos had different properties and when you mixed them you could create new materials with different properties
What did Aristole believe?
That everything was made of earth, fire, water, and air
What are alchemists?
People who were part scientists, part magicians.
Where does the word Alchemist come from?
The word al-kimiya meaning the chemist
Who made the first ever chemistry book?
Andreaus Libau
Who experimented with gasses?
Robert boyle
Who developed a naming system for chemicals?
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Who was the father of modern chemistry
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
What was the first theory of matter?
John Dalton suggested that matter was made of elements and he also composed a model of the elements. His description was called the billard ball model because it was comprised of solid spheres. And all atoms of a certain substance were the same.
What is a subatomic particle?
A particle smaller than an atom
Who discovered a subatomic particle?
J.J. Thompson
What are electrons?
Negatively charged pieces of an atom.
Who discovered the raisin bun model (1897)?
J.J. Thomson
Describe the raising bun model?
A negatively charged sphere with negative electrons embedded in it
Who created the earth orbiting the sun model?
Hantaro Nagaoka
Describe the earth orbiting the sun model
A positively charged sphere with negative electrons orbiting it in a ring.
What did rutherford believe about the atom?
He suggested that atoms were mainly empty space through which the positive particles could pass, but at the core was a tiny positively charged centre.
Who created the solar system model?
Niels Bohr
Describe the Niels Bohr solar system model
The electrons orbit in circles called electron shells around the nucleus.
What did James chadwick discover?
That the nucleus contained particle called protons and neutrons
What is the purpose as the protons?
They add weight to the nucleus but contain no electrical charge
What is the quantum mechanics version of an atom?
It describes a cloud around the nucleus where negative particles are.
What did they do to label metals before John Dalton?
Early chemists used symbols of the Sun and planets
Who made the current version of describing elements and describe it?
Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. He made it using the first letter of an element capitalized
What is atomic mass?
Atomic mass is the mass of one atom of an element
What is atomic mass measured in?
Atomic mass units
What did John Newlands discover?
The ‘law of octaves’ every 7 elements the properties repeats
Who proved the law of octaves?
Mendeleev
What is each horizontal row in the periodic table called?
A period
What is each vertical column in the periodic table called?
Group or Family
What is the number in the top left corner of the periodic table represent?
The Atomic Number
What does the atomic number represent?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
What is the atomic mass?
the mass of an atom equivalent to the number of the protons and neutrons
What is the number in the middle of the element?
The atomic mass
What is the mass number in a periodic table element?
It represents the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
How can you find the neutrons of an element?
mass number - atomic number = number of neutrons
What is the first group of the periodic table?
Alkali metals
What is the second group of the periodic table?
Alkaline metals
What is it called when you go vertically on the periodic table?
Groups
What is it called when you go horizontally on the periodic table?
Periods
What is the blue group on the periodic table called?

Transition metals
What is the green period on the periodic table called?

Lanthanides
What is the red period on the periodic table called?

Actinides
What is the green part on the periodic table called?

Metalloids
What is the orange group of the periodic table called?

Noble Gases
What is the yellow group on the periodic table called?

Halogens