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Biology 30 > Unit C Topic 1 - Mitosis > Flashcards

Unit C Topic 1 - Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Schleiden & Schwann Cell theory (2)

A

1) all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) The cell is the most basic unit of life

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2
Q

Virchow Cell theory

A

All cells arise only from existing cells

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3
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Body cells that undergo the cell cycle in different ways, depending on cell type

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4
Q

Partent cell

A

Original cell

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5
Q

Daughter cell

A

New cell

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6
Q

Prokaryotic Cell and chromosomes

A

Bacteria cells with short and circular chromosomes that are not contained in a nucleus

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7
Q

Eukaryotic Cells and chromosomes

A

membrane-bound cells with Long and linear chromosomes contained in a nucleus

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8
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that DNA is wrapped around in a chromosome

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

(spaghetti) Form of DNA in a mass of entangles strands that condense into chromosomes

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10
Q

Centromere

A

The middle of a chromosome

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes with the same genes (we have 22 pairs)

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12
Q

The two sex chromosomes

A

XX and XY

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

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14
Q

Diploid

A

Somatic cells with two of each chromosome (2n=46)

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15
Q

Haploid

A

Gamete cells with one of each chromosome (n=23)

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16
Q

Polyploid

A

more than two sets of chromosomes (ex: sturgeon Fish are octoploid or 8n)

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17
Q

Karyotype

A

Sets of chromosomes possessed by an individual

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18
Q

Stages of the cell cycle (2)

A
  1. Interphase (growth phase)
  2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis (division phase)
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19
Q

GSG

Stages of interphase

A
  1. G1 (Gap or Growth 1) phase
  2. S ( Synthesis) Phase
  3. G2 (Gap or Growth 2) phase
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20
Q

G1 Phase

A

Rapid growth, metabolic function, normal activity

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21
Q

S phase

A

each chromosome duplicates

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22
Q

G2 phase

A

Preparing for division

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23
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material into two identical sets

24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cell contents

25
# PMAT Stages of mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
26
# CNCS Prophase steps (4)
1. Chromosomes condense 2. nuclear membrane dissolves 3. centrioles move to opposite poles 4. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
27
Metaphase
Chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell
28
Anaphase
Centromeres divide and are pulled to opposite poles (Each end of the cell has a complete set of DNA)
29
# D-R-D Telophase (3 steps)
Reverses Prophase 1. Chromosomes decondense 2. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms 3. Spindle fibres desolve
30
Cytokinesis
contents of parnt cell are divided into two daughter cells | "cell movment"
31
Cleavage
Animal cell membrane pinches at equator and splits cell into two
32
Cell Plate
Plant cells use it to divide the cell in two, acting as a new cell wall
33
Telomeres
Ends of chromatin that shorten during DNA Replication
34
Cell Cycle Checkpoints | What are they and what's the three major ones
Certain signals are used to determine when to divide and when to stop dividing cells - G1 to S (is the DNA ok for replication?) - G2 to mitosis (has the DNA been replicated right?) - Metaphase to anaphase (Are chromosomes aligned properly in the middle?)
35
Cause of Cancer
when cells stop oberving checkpoints due to faulty mutations, and begin quickly and uncontrollably multiplying
36
Tumor
A mass of cancer cells
37
Angiogenesis
When a tumor tricks the body into growing blood vessels to bring nutrients to the tumor
38
Carcinogens
Agents that cause cancer | Ex: radiation, tobacco smoke, pesticides
39
Metastatis
Cancer cells ability to reproduce all over the body
40
Benign Tumors
Non-cancerout tumons that grow slowly and remain at original site | Can be removed surgically or killed by radiation
41
Malignant Tumors
Cancerous tumors that can spread through lymphatic and blood vessels | Removed by surgery folowed by radiation and chemotherapy
42
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction involving one parent producing genetically identical offspring
43
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction incluting two parents and a genetically unique offspring
44
Binary Fission
Cell divison of prokaryotes to produce identical offspring
45
Conjugation
prokaryotes exchanging genetic information
46
Budding
A miniature version of the parent grows out of the parents body
47
Vegetative reproduction
Stem of a parent plant grows out and a new plant grows from it
48
Fragmentation
Creation of a new organism from the fragment of a parent organism
49
Parthenogenesis
When an unfertilized egg developes into an adult ## Footnote Ex: Honey bee unfertilized eggs grow into male drones, while fertilized ones turn into female worker ants
50
Spores
a structure of genetic material formed by mitosis that is spread by the elements
51
Cloning
When identical offspring are fromed by a parent cell
52
Topipotent cell
A cell that can mature from an egg to an adult | In humans this makes the extra-embryonic layers
53
Pluripotent cell
A cell that can mature into any tissue in the body | AKA it can make the whole body (not the extra-embryonic layers)
54
Multipotent cell
a cell that can mature into multiple specialized cell types in a tissue or organ | Ex: adult stem cells
55
Why are human cells dificult to clone? | 2 reasons
1. lose totipotency when they mature 2. many cells are too specalized to activly divide

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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