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Biology 30 > Reproduction and Development (Unit B) > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development (Unit B) Flashcards

1
Q

Male external Reproductive system & roles (2)

A

Penis and Scrotum

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2
Q

Penis Parts (4)

A
  • corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum tissues that fill with blood during ejaculation
  • glans (nervous tip) covered by the foreskin
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3
Q

Male Reproduction internal parts (8)

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Ejaculatory Duct
  • Seminal Vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Cowpers gland
  • Urethra
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4
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin that contains the testes. (Relaxed=warm, contacted=cold)

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5
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads that produce sperm in seminiferous tubules and testosterone in interstitial cells

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6
Q

Epididymis

A

Coiled tubes posterior to testes where sperm is stored and matures (sperm can stay for months but if they are unused they get destroyed)

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7
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Smooth muscle tube that carries sperm to the ejaculatory duct

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8
Q

Vasectomy

A

Procedure to sterilize males where they cut and tie Vas Deferens

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9
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

Produces 60% of ejaculation fluid to assist in reproduction (basic to neutralize vagina)

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10
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

connects Vas deferens and Seminal Vesicle and passes through prostate

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11
Q

Prostate

A

Produces 20% of ejaculation fluid (basic to neutralize urea to neutralize vagina)

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12
Q

Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral gland)

A

Small pair of glands along Urethra below prostate that secrete lubricant

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13
Q

Sperm Production

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules lined with spermatogonia (diploid) cells that produce spermatozoa (haploid) through meiosis (stimulated by FSH)
  2. Sertoli Cells nurture the developing sperm by supplying glucose, oxygen, and other nutrients
  3. Leydig (interstitial) Cells influenced by LH produce testosterone
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14
Q

Diploid

A

2N, 46 chromosomes

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15
Q

Haploid

A

1N, 23 chromosomes

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16
Q

Spermatozoa structure (4)

A
  • Acrosome enzyme cap
  • Head holding nucleus with DNA and 23 chromosomes
  • Midpiece holding mitochondria
  • tail propeller
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17
Q

External Female reproductive parts (3)

A
  • Vulva
  • Clitorus
  • labia Majora and minora
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18
Q

Internal female reproductive parts (5)

A
  • Vigina
  • cervix
  • Uterus
  • Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
  • Ovaries
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19
Q

Vulva

A

Entrance to virgina, made up of labia Majora and minora, clitorus, vaginal opening and ureal opening

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20
Q

Vigina

A

Acidic muscular canal that can elongate and widen (turns slightly alkaline during ovulation)

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21
Q

Cervix

A

divider between vagina and Uterus that produces mucus that can inhibit or help survival of sperm (dependant on menstrual cycle)

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22
Q

Uterus

A

Houses and nurtures developing fetus, where fertilized egg usually implants

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23
Q

Layers of Uterus

A
  • Perimetrium (Base layer)
  • myometrium (middle layer responsible for contractions)
  • Endometrium (inner lining controlled my Endometrium that grows and sloughs off depending on menstrual cycle)
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24
Q

Oviduct (fallopian tube)

A

Allows egg to travel to uterus, where fertilization typically occurs

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25
ectopic pregnancy
when a fertilized egg implants and develops in oviduct
26
Tube litigation
Female equivalent of vasectomy
27
Ovaries
Female gonads that produce eggs and female sex hormones, Estrogen and Progesterone
28
Estrogen
hormone responsible for secondary female sex characteristics, Produced by follicle and released by LH (Ex: wider hips, body fat, breasts)
29
Progesterone
Hormone necessary for pregnancy Produced by corpus luteum
30
Follicle
1 egg surrounded by support cells that protect and nourish the egg until it is released at ovulation, making corpus luteum
31
Flow phase
Shedding of the endometrium triggered by the decrease of estrogen and progesterone
32
Follicular phase
Stimulation of the ovary to prepare a follicle to release, triggered by FSH
33
Ovulatory phase
release of egg from the follicle (after meiosis 1, before meiosis 2) stimulated by LH
34
Luteal phase
Corpus luteum is formed and produces progesterone and estrogen to ready the endometrium for embryo (if egg does not implant the corpus luteum recycles itself and the menstrual cycle restarts)
35
Steps of fertilization (3)
1. Capacitating - Acidic environment opens the head of the sperm 2. Acrosomal reaction - Sperm enzyme head gets through layers to the egg 3. Fertilization - a single sperm fuses with he egg membrane and DNA is passed over
36
Artificial Insemination
Places sperm directly into uterus
37
In Vitro fertilization
combining egg and sperm in a lab and putting the embryo into the uterus to implant
38
Birth control methods and examples (4)
- physical barrier (Condom) - Female system can be made inhospitable (IUD) - ovulation can be prevented (birth control) - Fertilization and implantation can be prevented (plan B pill)
39
Implantation
Zygote (fertilized egg) becomes a morula (solid ball of cells) which becomes a blastula (hollowed out ball of cells) and implants a week after fertilization
40
HCG
prevents degeneration of corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone levels stay stable and menstruation doesn't happen)
41
Gastulation
- Blastula becomes a gastrula (Arch of cells = beginning of digestive system) - Germ layers form
42
Ectoderm
Outer layer of cells that forms the skin and nervous system
43
Mesoderm
Middle layer of cells that forms skeleton, muscles, gonads, kidneys, circulatory system
44
Endoderm
Inner layer of cells that forms the digestive organs
45
Neurula
Gastrula turns into neurula (spine and brain developing) 3-4 weeks after fertilization
46
Organogenesis
Neural tissues start to form and organs begin forming to. This is the most fragile time for the embryo
47
The heart in an embryo starts pumping blood at...
5 1/2 weeks
48
The embryo heart beat can be detected at...
7 weeks
49
Sex differentiation happens at...
7 weeksS
50
Sex can be identified on ultrasound as early as...
14 weeks (wont look till 18-20)
51
Fetus
an embryo after organogenesis, forms at the end of week 10 start of week 11
52
Yolk sac
In animal eggs it provides nutrients to the embryo In humans it provides blood cells till it disintegrates
53
Amnion
Innermost embryonic membrane, containing amniotic fluid to cushion the baby and provides water
54
Allantois
Middle membrane, in other species it is used for gas exchange but for humans it's blood vessels that forms the umbilical cord
55
Chorion
Outermost membrane that forms the placenta and secrets HCG to maintain corpus luteum
56
Placenta structure
Tissue that grows out from the embryo and endometrium and contains maternal and fetal blood vessels
57
Placenta roles and hormones
Continues production of HCG, estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium, and when fully formed at week 12 it takes full hormone control, nutrient delivery and waste removal (the corpus luteum dissolves)
58
Umbilical Cord
Contains 2 fetal arteries (fetus to placenta), one fetal vein (placenta to fetus)
59
1st trimester breakdown
Month 0-3, Weeks 0-12 0 = most recent period 2 = fertilization (zygote --> morula --> Blastula --> gastrula --> neurula --> organogénesis --> fetus) 7 = heart beat detected by ultrasound, testosterone secretion begins or doesn't (dependant on Y chromosome)
60
1st trimester symptoms
Tired, nausea, breast tenderness, cravings, mood swings, frequent urination
61
2nd trimester breakdown
Months 4-6, Weeks 13-28 - Fetus grows rapidly - Active fetus - hair develops - cartilage replaced by bone
62
2nd trimester symptoms
Food cravings, pregnancy "glow", thicker hair and nails (or opposite), forgetfulness
63
3rd trimester breakdown
months 7-9, weeks 29-40 - Rapid growth of fetus - Fetal activity decreases
64
when is a baby born premature?
37 weeks
65
When is a baby overdue?
42 weeks
66
3rd trimester symptoms
discomfort, tiredness, difficulty breathing, pregnancy brain
67
Labour
Involuntary, rhythmic contractions that cause cervix to dilate with increasing intensity
68
Delivery
Involuntary uterine contractions combined with continuous abdominal contractions, 10 cm dilated there is a powerful instinct to push
69
Afterbirth
Immediately after delivery blood vessels in placenta contract and it detaches from the uterine wall and it is expelled with involuntary uterine contractions
70
Lactation
Expulsion of placenta causes pituitary to secrete prolactin which initiates lactation. When baby suckles an impulse triggers hypothalamus to trigger oxytocin to release milk.

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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