Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 30 > Reproduction and Development (Unit B) > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development (Unit B) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Male external Reproductive system & roles (2)

A

Penis and Scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Penis Parts (4)

A
  • corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum tissues that fill with blood during ejaculation
  • glans (nervous tip) covered by the foreskin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Male Reproduction internal parts (8)

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Ejaculatory Duct
  • Seminal Vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Cowpers gland
  • Urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin that contains the testes. (Relaxed=warm, contacted=cold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads that produce sperm in seminiferous tubules and testosterone in interstitial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epididymis

A

Coiled tubes posterior to testes where sperm is stored and matures (sperm can stay for months but if they are unused they get destroyed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Smooth muscle tube that carries sperm to the ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vasectomy

A

Procedure to sterilize males where they cut and tie Vas Deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

Produces 60% of ejaculation fluid to assist in reproduction (basic to neutralize vagina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

connects Vas deferens and Seminal Vesicle and passes through prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prostate

A

Produces 20% of ejaculation fluid (basic to neutralize urea to neutralize vagina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral gland)

A

Small pair of glands along Urethra below prostate that secrete lubricant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sperm Production

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules lined with spermatogonia (diploid) cells that produce spermatozoa (haploid) through meiosis (stimulated by FSH)
  2. Sertoli Cells nurture the developing sperm by supplying glucose, oxygen, and other nutrients
  3. Leydig (interstitial) Cells influenced by LH produce testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diploid

A

2N, 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Haploid

A

1N, 23 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spermatozoa structure (4)

A
  • Acrosome enzyme cap
  • Head holding nucleus with DNA and 23 chromosomes
  • Midpiece holding mitochondria
  • tail propeller
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

External Female reproductive parts (3)

A
  • Vulva
  • Clitorus
  • labia Majora and minora
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal female reproductive parts (5)

A
  • Vigina
  • cervix
  • Uterus
  • Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
  • Ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vulva

A

Entrance to virgina, made up of labia Majora and minora, clitorus, vaginal opening and ureal opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vigina

A

Acidic muscular canal that can elongate and widen (turns slightly alkaline during ovulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cervix

A

divider between vagina and Uterus that produces mucus that can inhibit or help survival of sperm (dependant on menstrual cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Uterus

A

Houses and nurtures developing fetus, where fertilized egg usually implants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Layers of Uterus

A
  • Perimetrium (Base layer)
  • myometrium (middle layer responsible for contractions)
  • Endometrium (inner lining controlled my Endometrium that grows and sloughs off depending on menstrual cycle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oviduct (fallopian tube)

A

Allows egg to travel to uterus, where fertilization typically occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

when a fertilized egg implants and develops in oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tube litigation

A

Female equivalent of vasectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads that produce eggs and female sex hormones, Estrogen and Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Estrogen

A

hormone responsible for secondary female sex characteristics, Produced by follicle and released by LH (Ex: wider hips, body fat, breasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone necessary for pregnancy Produced by corpus luteum

30
Q

Follicle

A

1 egg surrounded by support cells that protect and nourish the egg until it is released at ovulation, making corpus luteum

31
Q

Flow phase

A

Shedding of the endometrium triggered by the decrease of estrogen and progesterone

32
Q

Follicular phase

A

Stimulation of the ovary to prepare a follicle to release, triggered by FSH

33
Q

Ovulatory phase

A

release of egg from the follicle (after meiosis 1, before meiosis 2) stimulated by LH

34
Q

Luteal phase

A

Corpus luteum is formed and produces progesterone and estrogen to ready the endometrium for embryo (if egg does not implant the corpus luteum recycles itself and the menstrual cycle restarts)

35
Q

Steps of fertilization (3)

A
  1. Capacitating - Acidic environment opens the head of the sperm
  2. Acrosomal reaction - Sperm enzyme head gets through layers to the egg
  3. Fertilization - a single sperm fuses with he egg membrane and DNA is passed over
36
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Places sperm directly into uterus

37
Q

In Vitro fertilization

A

combining egg and sperm in a lab and putting the embryo into the uterus to implant

38
Q

Birth control methods and examples (4)

A
  • physical barrier (Condom)
  • Female system can be made inhospitable (IUD)
  • ovulation can be prevented (birth control)
  • Fertilization and implantation can be prevented (plan B pill)
39
Q

Implantation

A

Zygote (fertilized egg) becomes a morula (solid ball of cells) which becomes a blastula (hollowed out ball of cells) and implants a week after fertilization

40
Q

HCG

A

prevents degeneration of corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone levels stay stable and menstruation doesn’t happen)

41
Q

Gastulation

A
  • Blastula becomes a gastrula (Arch of cells = beginning of digestive system)
  • Germ layers form
42
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of cells that forms the skin and nervous system

43
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer of cells that forms skeleton, muscles, gonads, kidneys, circulatory system

44
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer of cells that forms the digestive organs

45
Q

Neurula

A

Gastrula turns into neurula (spine and brain developing) 3-4 weeks after fertilization

46
Q

Organogenesis

A

Neural tissues start to form and organs begin forming to. This is the most fragile time for the embryo

47
Q

The heart in an embryo starts pumping blood at…

A

5 1/2 weeks

48
Q

The embryo heart beat can be detected at…

A

7 weeks

49
Q

Sex differentiation happens at…

A

7 weeksS

50
Q

Sex can be identified on ultrasound as early as…

A

14 weeks (wont look till 18-20)

51
Q

Fetus

A

an embryo after organogenesis, forms at the end of week 10 start of week 11

52
Q

Yolk sac

A

In animal eggs it provides nutrients to the embryo
In humans it provides blood cells till it disintegrates

53
Q

Amnion

A

Innermost embryonic membrane, containing amniotic fluid to cushion the baby and provides water

54
Q

Allantois

A

Middle membrane, in other species it is used for gas exchange but for humans it’s blood vessels that forms the umbilical cord

55
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane that forms the placenta and secrets HCG to maintain corpus luteum

56
Q

Placenta structure

A

Tissue that grows out from the embryo and endometrium and contains maternal and fetal blood vessels

57
Q

Placenta roles and hormones

A

Continues production of HCG, estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium, and when fully formed at week 12 it takes full hormone control, nutrient delivery and waste removal (the corpus luteum dissolves)

58
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

Contains 2 fetal arteries (fetus to placenta), one fetal vein (placenta to fetus)

59
Q

1st trimester breakdown

A

Month 0-3, Weeks 0-12
0 = most recent period
2 = fertilization
(zygote –> morula –> Blastula –> gastrula –> neurula –> organogénesis –> fetus)
7 = heart beat detected by ultrasound, testosterone secretion begins or doesn’t (dependant on Y chromosome)

60
Q

1st trimester symptoms

A

Tired, nausea, breast tenderness, cravings, mood swings, frequent urination

61
Q

2nd trimester breakdown

A

Months 4-6, Weeks 13-28
- Fetus grows rapidly
- Active fetus
- hair develops
- cartilage replaced by bone

62
Q

2nd trimester symptoms

A

Food cravings, pregnancy “glow”, thicker hair and nails (or opposite), forgetfulness

63
Q

3rd trimester breakdown

A

months 7-9, weeks 29-40
- Rapid growth of fetus
- Fetal activity decreases

64
Q

when is a baby born premature?

A

37 weeks

65
Q

When is a baby overdue?

A

42 weeks

66
Q

3rd trimester symptoms

A

discomfort, tiredness, difficulty breathing, pregnancy brain

67
Q

Labour

A

Involuntary, rhythmic contractions that cause cervix to dilate with increasing intensity

68
Q

Delivery

A

Involuntary uterine contractions combined with continuous abdominal contractions, 10 cm dilated there is a powerful instinct to push

69
Q

Afterbirth

A

Immediately after delivery blood vessels in placenta contract and it detaches from the uterine wall and it is expelled with involuntary uterine contractions

70
Q

Lactation

A

Expulsion of placenta causes pituitary to secrete prolactin which initiates lactation.
When baby suckles an impulse triggers hypothalamus to trigger oxytocin to release milk.

Biology 30 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions