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Biology 30 > Brain, Eye and Ear (2a) > Flashcards

Brain, Eye and Ear (2a) Flashcards

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1
Q

Spinal cord

A

part of the brain stem that extends out of the skull through the Foramen Magnum

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2
Q

Vertebrae

A

33 hollow bones in the spine, split into 5 sections

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3
Q

Spine sections (5)

A
  • Cervical (top)
  • Thoracic (biggest)
  • Lumbar (‘L’ower back)
  • Sacrum (‘S’econd from the bottom)
  • coccyx (bottom
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4
Q

Central mater in the spine (3)

A
  • Grey mater
  • in cell bodies and unmyelinated neurons
  • carry sensory info
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5
Q

surrounding mater in the spine (3)

A
  • White mater
  • myelinated nerve fibers
  • connect sensory and motor neurons
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6
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Brings sensory info into the spinal cord

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7
Q

Ventral Root

A

Brings motor info out of the spinal cord

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8
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the brains neural pathways being shortened and pruned

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9
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective layers surrounding the spine and brain (Dura, arachnoid and pia mater)

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10
Q

Dura Mater

A

‘dura’ble outer meninge

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11
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

‘spider’ middle layer

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12
Q

Pia mater

A

‘delicate’ inside layer

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13
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

CNS is separate from the PNS, so waste is distributed through cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (5)

A
  • Shock absorber
  • transport medium
  • bathes spine and brain
  • body holds 150 mL
  • body produces 500mL
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15
Q

Parts of the brain (3)

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
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16
Q

Hindbrain parts (3)

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
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17
Q

Medulla oblongata (5)

A
  • LIFE SUPPORT
  • relay center
  • sorts incoming and outgoing info
  • connects PNS & CNS
  • coordinates Autonomic NS
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18
Q

Cerebellum (4)

A
  • FINE-TUNING MOVEMENTS
  • ‘mini brain’ behind medulla
  • includes grey & white mater
  • responsible for unconscious coordination
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19
Q

Pons

A
  • BRIDGE medulla and midbrain
  • transmits info
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20
Q

Midbrain

A
  • contains Reticular Formation (network of fibers) that ACTIVATE FOREBRAIN
  • above Pons
  • Relay center for some eye and ear reflexes
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21
Q

Forebrain parts (3)

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Thalamus
    -Hypothalamus
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22
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • outermost part of the brain
  • coordination and sensory info
  • Cerebral cortex is the outer layer
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23
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • outer 2-4mm of gray mater of the brain
  • covered with folds
  • Splits into 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes
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24
Q

Gyrus

A

Bulge on the cerebral cortex

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25
Q

Sulcus

A

shallow groove on the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

Fissure

A

Deep groove separating lobes on the cerebral cortex

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27
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Associated with visual patterns and spacial awareness

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28
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

associated with logic and language

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29
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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30
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Active (motor & personality)

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31
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory, memory, emotions

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32
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

hearing

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33
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision, recognize objects

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34
Q

Motor cortex (3)

A
  • Between the frontal and parietal lobes
  • control of the right side of the body comes from the left, and vise versa
  • crosses over at the medulla
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35
Q

Association areas

A

found beside sensory areas, responsible for sorting and organizing sensations

36
Q

Broca’s Area (4)

A
  • Motor
  • coordinate muscles for speaking
  • translates thought
  • when damaged you cannot speak but you can understand
37
Q

Wernicke’s Area (3)

A
  • Sensory
  • Language comprehension
  • when damaged you speak nonsense
38
Q

Thalamus (2)

A
  • SENSORY RELAY STATION
  • relays impulses on the way to the cerebrum
  • between midbrain and cerebrum
39
Q

Hypothalamus (4)

A
  • EQUILIBRIUM
  • controls autonomic NS
  • Regulates hunger & thirst
  • space below Thalamus
40
Q

Olfactory Bulbs (2)

A
  • SMELL
  • bottom of temporal lobes
41
Q

Inner white matter of the brain functions (3)

A

myelinated nerve fibers that
1. transmit impulses between hemispheres
2. connects with fibers in hemisphere
3. passes out of brain out of CNS

42
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pars that run along the underside of the brain carrying sensory or motor information to and from respective organs

43
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

cranial nerve involved with the Autonomic NS

44
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

Nose nerve that caries smell impulses

45
Q

optic nerve

A

Eye nerve that carries sight impulses

46
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

ear nerve that controls hearing and balance impulses

47
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

Eye movement nerve

48
Q

Protection of the eye parts (3)

A
  • eyelid
  • conjunctiva
  • Lacrimal glands
49
Q

Conjunctiva

A

clear membrane that seals eyes from bacteria

50
Q

Lacrimial glands

A

produce tears to wash ut and kill bacteria

51
Q

Layers of the eye

A
  1. Sclera
  2. Choroid
  3. Retina
52
Q

Sclera (3)

A
  • outer “white” of the eye
  • muscles attached move the eyeball
  • cornea is the round transparent window that light passes through
53
Q

Choroid

A
  • middle layer
  • carries blood vessels
  • colorful pigmentation to catch stray beams
  • the iris is the colored part of the eye lined with muscles
54
Q

Circular Iris Muscles (3)

A
  • circle muscles around the pupil
  • contract in bright light to constrict pupil
  • relax in dim light
55
Q

Radial Iris muscles (3)

A
  • straight muscles around the radius of the iris
  • contract in dim light to dilate pupil
  • relax in bright light
56
Q

Ciliary body

A
  • thick portion of the choroid that contains muscles
  • attached to lens via suspensory ligaments
  • contracts or relaxes to affect lens thickness and refration
57
Q

Far sight mechanics (5)

A
  • light comes in parallel
  • little refraction
  • thin lens
  • suspensory ligaments tight
  • ciliary bodies relaxed
58
Q

Near sight Mechanics (5)

A
  • light comes in spread out
  • more refraction
  • thick lens
  • suspensory ligaments relaxed
  • Ciliary bodies contracted
59
Q

Retina (4)

A
  • inner layer
  • contains photo-receptor cells (rods and cones)
  • fovea is a small depression in the middle (sharpest point of vision)
  • attached to the optic nerve (blind spot)
60
Q

Aqueous Humor (3)

A
  • clear watery fluid in front of the lens (anterior)
  • supporting the bulge of the cornea
  • supplies nutrients and oxygen to cornea & lens
61
Q

Vitreous Humor (2)

A
  • clear jelly like fluid behind the lens (posterior)
  • maintains eye shape
62
Q

Vision processes (3)

A
  1. focus light image on retina
  2. converts image to impulse
  3. brain interprets impulse and makes image
63
Q

Photo-receptors

A

Rods and cones

64
Q

Rods (4)

A
  • low light vision (black & white)
  • high concentration on periphery
  • absent at fovea
  • possesses pigment rhodopsin
65
Q

Opsin (3)

A
  • broken down from rhodopsin
  • alters sodium permeability of receptor cells, causing an impulse
66
Q

Rhodopsin (2)

A
  • breaks down into Opsin and Retinal when light is absorbed
  • reforms in absence of light
67
Q

Cones (3)

A
  • respond to light
  • can detect colour
  • concentrated near center of the retina and clumped at fovea
68
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness - distant objects fall in front of the retina

69
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness - close up images fall behind the retina

70
Q

Outer ear (how sound travels and what are the parts) - 3

A
  • Air filled, sound travels through air
  • Pinna (cartilage)
  • Auditory canal (Channels sound to eardrum)
71
Q

Middle ear (how sound travels and what are the parts) - 4

A
  • Air filled, sound travels through bone
  • Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  • Ossicles (3 tiny bones)
  • Eustachian tube (equalizes pressure)
72
Q

Inner ear (how sound travels and what are the parts) - 4

A
  • Liquid filled, sound travels through liquid
  • Cochlea (coiled tube with 3 canals)
  • Oval window (entrance to cochlea)
  • Round window (equalizes pressure)
  • Organ of corti (responsible for hearing)
73
Q

Perilymph

A

fills the top and bottom canals of the Cochlea, directly in contact with the windows

74
Q

Endolymph

A

Fills the center canal of Cochlea, contains the organ of Corti

75
Q

Transduction of sound into impulses (4 steps)

A
  1. Pinna funnels sound and vibrates Tympanic membrane
  2. Ossicles vibrate and transfer to Oval window
  3. Fluid in Cochlea vibrate and the hair cells in organ of corti bend, sending an impulse
  4. Nerve impulse is carried to brain by Auditory nerve to the temporal lobe
76
Q

Ossicles

A

Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (stirrups)

77
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

failure by outer and middle ear to conduct sound

78
Q

Perceptive hearing loss

A

Damaged sensory cells in the Cochlea, nerve or brain

79
Q

Utricle and saccule (together called vestibule)

A

responsible for gravitational equilibrium, contain a sensory patch with calcium crystals that get pulled on when the head moves forward or back

80
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Responsible for rotational equilibrium, contain a bulge with hairs. When the head spins, the fluid moves the opposite way, bending the hairs

81
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Sense light

82
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sense chemicals

83
Q

Mecanoreceptors

A

Sense movement or pressure

84
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

sense heat

85
Q

Nocioreceptors

A

Sense pain

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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