Brain, Eye and Ear (2a) Flashcards
1
Q
Spinal cord
A
part of the brain stem that extends out of the skull through the Foramen Magnum
2
Q
Vertebrae
A
33 hollow bones in the spine, split into 5 sections
3
Q
Spine sections (5)
A
- Cervical (top)
- Thoracic (biggest)
- Lumbar (‘L’ower back)
- Sacrum (‘S’econd from the bottom)
- coccyx (bottom
4
Q
Central mater in the spine (3)
A
- Grey mater
- in cell bodies and unmyelinated neurons
- carry sensory info
5
Q
surrounding mater in the spine (3)
A
- White mater
- myelinated nerve fibers
- connect sensory and motor neurons
6
Q
Dorsal Root
A
Brings sensory info into the spinal cord
7
Q
Ventral Root
A
Brings motor info out of the spinal cord
8
Q
Neuroplasticity
A
the brains neural pathways being shortened and pruned
9
Q
Meninges
A
3 protective layers surrounding the spine and brain (Dura, arachnoid and pia mater)
10
Q
Dura Mater
A
‘dura’ble outer meninge
11
Q
Arachnoid mater
A
‘spider’ middle layer
12
Q
Pia mater
A
‘delicate’ inside layer
13
Q
Blood brain barrier
A
CNS is separate from the PNS, so waste is distributed through cerebrospinal fluid
14
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid (5)
A
- Shock absorber
- transport medium
- bathes spine and brain
- body holds 150 mL
- body produces 500mL
15
Q
Parts of the brain (3)
A
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
16
Q
Hindbrain parts (3)
A
- medulla oblongata
- Cerebellum
- Pons
17
Q
Medulla oblongata (5)
A
- LIFE SUPPORT
- relay center
- sorts incoming and outgoing info
- connects PNS & CNS
- coordinates Autonomic NS
18
Q
Cerebellum (4)
A
- FINE-TUNING MOVEMENTS
- ‘mini brain’ behind medulla
- includes grey & white mater
- responsible for unconscious coordination
19
Q
Pons
A
- BRIDGE medulla and midbrain
- transmits info
20
Q
Midbrain
A
- contains Reticular Formation (network of fibers) that ACTIVATE FOREBRAIN
- above Pons
- Relay center for some eye and ear reflexes
21
Q
Forebrain parts (3)
A
- Cerebrum
- Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
22
Q
Cerebrum
A
- outermost part of the brain
- coordination and sensory info
- Cerebral cortex is the outer layer
23
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
- outer 2-4mm of gray mater of the brain
- covered with folds
- Splits into 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes
24
Q
Gyrus
A
Bulge on the cerebral cortex
25
Sulcus
shallow groove on the cerebral cortex
26
Fissure
Deep groove separating lobes on the cerebral cortex
27
Right hemisphere
Associated with visual patterns and spacial awareness
28
Left Hemisphere
associated with logic and language
29
Lobes of the brain
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
30
Frontal lobe
Active (motor & personality)
31
Parietal lobe
Sensory, memory, emotions
32
Temporal Lobe
hearing
33
Occipital lobe
Vision, recognize objects
34
Motor cortex (3)
- Between the frontal and parietal lobes
- control of the right side of the body comes from the left, and vise versa
- crosses over at the medulla
35
Association areas
found beside sensory areas, responsible for sorting and organizing sensations
36
Broca's Area (4)
- Motor
- coordinate muscles for speaking
- translates thought
- when damaged you cannot speak but you can understand
37
Wernicke's Area (3)
- Sensory
- Language comprehension
- when damaged you speak nonsense
38
Thalamus (2)
- SENSORY RELAY STATION
- relays impulses on the way to the cerebrum
- between midbrain and cerebrum
39
Hypothalamus (4)
- EQUILIBRIUM
- controls autonomic NS
- Regulates hunger & thirst
- space below Thalamus
40
Olfactory Bulbs (2)
- SMELL
- bottom of temporal lobes
41
Inner white matter of the brain functions (3)
myelinated nerve fibers that
1. transmit impulses between hemispheres
2. connects with fibers in hemisphere
3. passes out of brain out of CNS
42
Cranial Nerves
12 pars that run along the underside of the brain carrying sensory or motor information to and from respective organs
43
Vagus Nerve
cranial nerve involved with the Autonomic NS
44
Olfactory Nerve
Nose nerve that caries smell impulses
45
optic nerve
Eye nerve that carries sight impulses
46
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
ear nerve that controls hearing and balance impulses
47
oculomotor nerve
Eye movement nerve
48
Protection of the eye parts (3)
- eyelid
- conjunctiva
- Lacrimal glands
49
Conjunctiva
clear membrane that seals eyes from bacteria
50
Lacrimial glands
produce tears to wash ut and kill bacteria
51
Layers of the eye
1. Sclera
2. Choroid
3. Retina
52
Sclera (3)
- outer "white" of the eye
- muscles attached move the eyeball
- cornea is the round transparent window that light passes through
53
Choroid
- middle layer
- carries blood vessels
- colorful pigmentation to catch stray beams
- the iris is the colored part of the eye lined with muscles
54
Circular Iris Muscles (3)
- circle muscles around the pupil
- contract in bright light to constrict pupil
- relax in dim light
55
Radial Iris muscles (3)
- straight muscles around the radius of the iris
- contract in dim light to dilate pupil
- relax in bright light
56
Ciliary body
- thick portion of the choroid that contains muscles
- attached to lens via suspensory ligaments
- contracts or relaxes to affect lens thickness and refration
57
Far sight mechanics (5)
- light comes in parallel
- little refraction
- thin lens
- suspensory ligaments tight
- ciliary bodies relaxed
58
Near sight Mechanics (5)
- light comes in spread out
- more refraction
- thick lens
- suspensory ligaments relaxed
- Ciliary bodies contracted
59
Retina (4)
- inner layer
- contains photo-receptor cells (rods and cones)
- fovea is a small depression in the middle (sharpest point of vision)
- attached to the optic nerve (blind spot)
60
Aqueous Humor (3)
- clear watery fluid in front of the lens (anterior)
- supporting the bulge of the cornea
- supplies nutrients and oxygen to cornea & lens
61
Vitreous Humor (2)
- clear jelly like fluid behind the lens (posterior)
- maintains eye shape
62
Vision processes (3)
1. focus light image on retina
2. converts image to impulse
3. brain interprets impulse and makes image
63
Photo-receptors
Rods and cones
64
Rods (4)
- low light vision (black & white)
- high concentration on periphery
- absent at fovea
- possesses pigment rhodopsin
65
Opsin (3)
- broken down from rhodopsin
- alters sodium permeability of receptor cells, causing an impulse
66
Rhodopsin (2)
- breaks down into Opsin and Retinal when light is absorbed
- reforms in absence of light
67
Cones (3)
- respond to light
- can detect colour
- concentrated near center of the retina and clumped at fovea
68
Myopia
Nearsightedness - distant objects fall in front of the retina
69
Hyperopia
Farsightedness - close up images fall behind the retina
70
Outer ear (how sound travels and what are the parts) - 3
- Air filled, sound travels through air
- Pinna (cartilage)
- Auditory canal (Channels sound to eardrum)
71
Middle ear (how sound travels and what are the parts) - 4
- Air filled, sound travels through bone
- Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
- Ossicles (3 tiny bones)
- Eustachian tube (equalizes pressure)
72
Inner ear (how sound travels and what are the parts) - 4
- Liquid filled, sound travels through liquid
- Cochlea (coiled tube with 3 canals)
- Oval window (entrance to cochlea)
- Round window (equalizes pressure)
- Organ of corti (responsible for hearing)
73
Perilymph
fills the top and bottom canals of the Cochlea, directly in contact with the windows
74
Endolymph
Fills the center canal of Cochlea, contains the organ of Corti
75
Transduction of sound into impulses (4 steps)
1. Pinna funnels sound and vibrates Tympanic membrane
2. Ossicles vibrate and transfer to Oval window
3. Fluid in Cochlea vibrate and the hair cells in organ of corti bend, sending an impulse
4. Nerve impulse is carried to brain by Auditory nerve to the temporal lobe
76
Ossicles
Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (stirrups)
77
Conductive hearing loss
failure by outer and middle ear to conduct sound
78
Perceptive hearing loss
Damaged sensory cells in the Cochlea, nerve or brain
79
Utricle and saccule (together called vestibule)
responsible for gravitational equilibrium, contain a sensory patch with calcium crystals that get pulled on when the head moves forward or back
80
Semicircular canals
Responsible for rotational equilibrium, contain a bulge with hairs. When the head spins, the fluid moves the opposite way, bending the hairs
81
Photoreceptors
Sense light
82
Chemoreceptors
Sense chemicals
83
Mecanoreceptors
Sense movement or pressure
84
Thermoreceptors
sense heat
85
Nocioreceptors
Sense pain
