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Biology 30 > The endocrine system (3a) > Flashcards

The endocrine system (3a) Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

A regulatory chemical that travels through the bloodstream from where it is produced and affects other parts of the body

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Where hormones are produced and released by sensory vesicles

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3
Q

Target cells

A

Cells that respond to a hormone

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4
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Cells that conduct electrical impulses, and make & secrete hormones

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5
Q

Endocrine system

A

Uses hormones carried through the bloodstream to target cells to cause reactions in the body (slower response)

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6
Q

Nervous system

A

Uses neurotransmitters to bridge the synapse between neurons to carry electrical signals all over the body (faster response)

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7
Q

Peptide Hormones (6)

A
  • Protein based (amino-acid)
  • polar (cannot cross cell membrane
  • receptor on cell membrane ( signals a secondary messenger cascade)
  • Fast acting
  • Short lived
  • 3 kinds/sizes
  • Naming: acronyms or ends in -in(e)
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8
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Lipid based (cholesterol)
  • non-polar (can cross membrane)
  • receptor in cytoplasm
  • slow acting
  • longer lasting
  • Naming: ends in -one or -ol
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9
Q

3 types of peptide hormones

A
  • Amine hormones (small amino acids)
  • Peptide hormones (chains of amino acids)
  • Protein hormones (long chains of amino acids)
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10
Q

Direct hormones

A

directly target an organ

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11
Q

Tropic hormones

A

target endocrine glands to release other hormones

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12
Q

Hypothalamus (3)

A
  • receives info from NS
  • responds with nervous or endocrine signals
  • directly connected to pituitary gland (posterior and anterior)
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13
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland (3)

A
  • Back of the pituitary gland
  • hormones produced in hypothalamus neurosecretory cells and sent down Axon (nervous)
  • releases oxytocin and ADH
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14
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  • Front of the pituitary gland
  • connected to hypothalamus by bloodstream (non nervous)
  • synthesizes and secrets own hormones
  • FLAT PEG
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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

a snowball effect that grows until goal is reached

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16
Q

Negative feedback

A

a balancing act that stops itself to maintain/restore equilibrium

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17
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (6)

A

ADH
- Peptide
- direct hormone
- produced in hypothalamus
- released by posterior pituitary
- responds to high osmolarity
- targets kidneys making them permeable to water (lowers osmolarity)

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18
Q

Osmolarity

A

Blood concentration (high = dehydrated)

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19
Q

Releasing hormones from hypothalamus

A

make the anterior pituitary release hormones

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20
Q

Inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus

A

make the anterior pituitary stop releasing hormones

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21
Q

tropic hormones released by Anterior pituitary (4)

A

“FLAT”
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- TSH

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22
Q

Direct hormones released from anterior pituitary (3)

A

“PEG”
- Prolactin
- Endorphins
- GH

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23
Q

Oxytocin (6)

A
  • Peptide
  • Direct hormone
  • Produced in hypothalamus
  • released by posterior pituitary gland
  • Triggered by childbirth/nursing
  • causes contractions and milk ejection
  • Positive feedback
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24
Q

ADH (9)

A
  • Antidioretic hormone
  • peptide
  • Direct
  • produced by Hypothalamus
  • Released by Posterior pituitary
  • Triggered by dehydration (high blood osmolarity)
  • Targets nephron in kidneys
  • Increases permeability of wall to water
  • Negative feedback
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25
TRH (8)
- TSH Releasing Hormone - Peptide - tropic - Produced and released by hypothalamus - Triggered by low T3/T4 - Targets anterior pituitary - Releases TSH - Negative feedback
26
CRH (8)
- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone - Peptide - tropic - Produced and released by hypothalamus - Triggered stress/low blood pressure - Targets anterior pituitary - Releases ACTH - Negative feedback
27
GnRH (8)
- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone - Peptide - tropic - Produced and released by hypothalamus - Triggered by puberty/hormones regulation stuff - Targets anterior pituitary - Releases FSH & LH - Negative feedback
28
FSH (8)
- Follicle stimulating hormone - Peptide - Tropic - Produced and released by Anterior pituitary - triggered by GnRH - Targets Gonads (ovaries, testes) - Stimulates follicle that releases estrogen (causes sperm production) - Negative feedback
29
LH (8)
- luteinizing hormone - Peptide - Tropic - Produced and released by Anterior pituitary - triggered by GnRH - Targets Gonads (ovaries, testes) - triggers ovulation that releases progesterone that produces testosterone - Negative feedback
30
ACTH (8)
- Adreno-cortico-trophic hormone - Peptide - Tropic - Produced and released by Anterior pituitary - Triggered by CRH - targets adrenal cortex - Releases Aldosterone and cortisol - Negative feedback
31
TSH (8)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone - Peptide - Tropic - Produced and released by Anterior pituitary - Triggered by TRH - targets thyroid - Releases T3/T4 - Negative feedback
32
Prolactin Hormone (7)
- Peptide - Direct - Produced and released by Anterior pituitary - Triggered by pregnancy/breast feeding - targets breasts - Produces milk - Negative feedback
33
Endorphin Hormones (7)
- Peptide - Direct - Produced and released by Anterior pituitary - Triggers vary - targets brain pain receptors - Pain inhibiting on NS - Negative feedback
34
GH (8)
- Growth hormone - Peptide - Direct - Produced and released by Anterior pituitary - Triggers vary - targets whole body - promotes protein synthesis ad fat metabolism for growth - Negative feedback
35
Hormonal Axis Definition and examples
Multiple hormones and endocrine glands functioning together to cause an effect - HPT (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid) - HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal) - HPG (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal)
36
HPT Axis (3)
- Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis - METABOLISM - Includes TRH, TSH and T3/T4
37
T3 and T4 Hormones (8)
- Triiodothyronine - Peptide - Direct - Produced and released by Thyroid - Triggered by TSH - targets any T3 and T4 Receptors (whole body) - roles in development and metabolism (increase rate of oxygen consumption in fat protein and carbs) - Negative feedback
38
Hyperthyroidism cause and symptoms
- Excess of T3/T4 in the blood - profuse sweating, irritable mood, high blood pressure, losing weight
39
Hypothyroidism cause and symptoms
- Insufficient Iodine in blood (not enough T3/T4) - weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold, can result in goiter
40
Congenital Hyperthyroidism
Delayed skeletal growth and poor mental development
41
HPA axis (3)
- Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis - STRESS RESPONSE - Includes CRH, ACTH and Corticosteroids
42
Corticosteroids (3)
- released from adrenal cortex - triggered by ACTH - aldosterone and cortisol
43
Aldosterone Hormone (8)
- mineralocorticoid - steroid - Direct - Released from Adrenal Cortex - triggered by ACTH (low blood pressure) - Targets nephrons in the kidney - Increases blood pressure through reabsorbtion of sodium ions (water follows) - Negative feedback
44
Cortisol Hormone (8)
- Glucocorticoid - Steroid - direct - Produced and released by Adrenal Cortex - Triggered by ACTH (stress) - Targets mainly muscles and liver - Increases blood sugar for energy (stimulates breakdown of muscle proteins making amino acids available to the liver for glucose) - suppresses immune system - Negative feedback
45
HPG Axis
- Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonadal Axis - REPRODUCTION - Includes GnRH, LH, FSH and sex hormones
46
Sex hormones (3)
Androgen, estrogen and progestin
47
Estrogen Hormones (7)
- Steroid - Direct - Produced and released by Ovaries - Triggered by FSH - Targets whole body - maintains female reproductive system and promotes female secondary sex characteristics - Negative feedback
48
Progesterone Hormone (7)
- Steroid - Direct - Produced and released by Ovaries - Triggered by LH - Targets Uterine lining - prepares uterus to support an embryo in pregnancy - Negative feedback
49
Testosterone Hormone (7)
- Steroid - Direct - Produced and released by testes - Triggered by LH - Targets whole body - causes male secondary sex characteristics - Negative feedback
50
Androgens vs Estrogens difference
Androgens trigger development of male characteristics (low voice, facial hair, large muscles) Estrogens trigger development of female charateristics (higher voice, wider hips, developed breasts)
51
Anabolic steroids
synthetic variants of testosterone
52
Calcium roles in the body (3)
(aids in) Muscle contractions, blood clots, endocytosis and exocytosis
53
Parathyroid Glands and hormones
- 4 glands embedded on the thyroid - secrete Calcitonin and PTH (antagonistic hormones)
54
Calcitonin Hormone (7)
- Peptide - Direct - Produced and released by Thyroid - Triggered by High Ca+ - targets bones - stores Ca+ in bones (antagonistic to PTH) - Negative feedback
55
PTH (8)
- Parathyroid hormone - Peptide - Direct - Produced and released by parathyroid - Triggered by low Ca+ - targets bones - pulls Ca+ from bones (antagonistic to calcitonin) - Negative feedback
56
Immediate stress response
Using a combination of the NS and ES, the Adrenal medulla (inside the Adrenal cortex) receives a stimuli from the brain produces fight or flight amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
57
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine hormones (7)
- AKA adrenaline and noradrenaline - Amino-acid derived (like Peptide) - Direct - triggered by immediate stress - Targets whole body - Sends blood to brain and muscles, glucose is released from the liver, blood pressure increases - negative feedback
58
Glucose homeostasis and hormones
The pancreas produce hormones insulin & glucagon that regulate blood sugar, and stomach produces Ghrelin and Leptin that regulate hunger
59
Insulin hormone (7)
(when sugar is IN) - peptide - direct - Produced and released by Pancreas (beta cells) - Triggered by High blood sugar - Targets body and liver cells - lowers blood sugar by allowing tissue uptake (antagonistic of Glucagon) - Negative Feedback
60
Glucagon hormone (7)
(when sugar is GONE) - peptide - direct - Produced and released by pancreas (alpha cells) - Triggered by low blood sugar - Targets liver - Raises blood sugar by releasing glucose from glycogen in the liver (antagonistic of insulin) - Negative feedback
61
Ghrelin Hormone (7)
(stomach is G-rowling) - Peptide - Direct - Produced and released by stomach - triggered by need for food - Targets brain - stimulates hunger (antagonistic of Leptin) - Negative feedback
62
Leptin hormone (7)
(L-eft over food from being full) - peptide - direct - Produced and released by fat cells - triggered by being full - Targets brain - stimulates being full (antagonistic to Ghrelin) - Negative feedback
63
Diabetes Mellitus disease and symptoms
- Hormonal disease - body cells are unable to absorb glucose - body burns the body's supply of fat - high glucose concentration - high blood sugar - excess glucose is let out in urine -cause severe dehydration, nerve damage, cardiovascular health issues
64
Diabetes Insipidus
Low ADH
65
Type I diabetes
INSULIN DEPENDENT The body's insulin producers are destroyed, insulin must be injected.
66
Type II Diabetes
NOT INSULIN DEPENDENT The body does not respond to insulin in the blood, managed by things like diets and exercise
67
Hyperglycemia and treatment
High blood sugar levels caused by Diabetes Mellitus. Treated with an insulin injection
68
Hypoglycemia
Overactive beta cells causing glucose levels to drop below normal. Treated with a sugary snack

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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