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Biology 30 > The endocrine system (3a) > Flashcards

The endocrine system (3a) Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone

A

A regulatory chemical that travels through the bloodstream from where it is produced and affects other parts of the body

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Where hormones are produced and released by sensory vesicles

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3
Q

Target cells

A

Cells that respond to a hormone

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4
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Cells that conduct electrical impulses, and make & secrete hormones

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5
Q

Endocrine system

A

Uses hormones carried through the bloodstream to target cells to cause reactions in the body (slower response)

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6
Q

Nervous system

A

Uses neurotransmitters to bridge the synapse between neurons to carry electrical signals all over the body (faster response)

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7
Q

Peptide Hormones (6)

A
  • Protein based (amino-acid)
  • polar (cannot cross cell membrane
  • receptor on cell membrane ( signals a secondary messenger cascade)
  • Fast acting
  • Short lived
  • 3 kinds/sizes
  • Naming: acronyms or ends in -in(e)
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8
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Lipid based (cholesterol)
  • non-polar (can cross membrane)
  • receptor in cytoplasm
  • slow acting
  • longer lasting
  • Naming: ends in -one or -ol
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9
Q

3 types of peptide hormones

A
  • Amine hormones (small amino acids)
  • Peptide hormones (chains of amino acids)
  • Protein hormones (long chains of amino acids)
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10
Q

Direct hormones

A

directly target an organ

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11
Q

Tropic hormones

A

target endocrine glands to release other hormones

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12
Q

Hypothalamus (3)

A
  • receives info from NS
  • responds with nervous or endocrine signals
  • directly connected to pituitary gland (posterior and anterior)
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13
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland (3)

A
  • Back of the pituitary gland
  • hormones produced in hypothalamus neurosecretory cells and sent down Axon (nervous)
  • releases oxytocin and ADH
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14
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  • Front of the pituitary gland
  • connected to hypothalamus by bloodstream (non nervous)
  • synthesizes and secrets own hormones
  • FLAT PEG
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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

a snowball effect that grows until goal is reached

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16
Q

Negative feedback

A

a balancing act that stops itself to maintain/restore equilibrium

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17
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (6)

A

ADH
- Peptide
- direct hormone
- produced in hypothalamus
- released by posterior pituitary
- responds to high osmolarity
- targets kidneys making them permeable to water (lowers osmolarity)

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18
Q

Osmolarity

A

Blood concentration (high = dehydrated)

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19
Q

Releasing hormones from hypothalamus

A

make the anterior pituitary release hormones

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20
Q

Inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus

A

make the anterior pituitary stop releasing hormones

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21
Q

tropic hormones released by Anterior pituitary (4)

A

“FLAT”
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- TSH

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22
Q

Direct hormones released from anterior pituitary (3)

A

“PEG”
- Prolactin
- Endorphins
- GH

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23
Q

Oxytocin (6)

A
  • Peptide
  • Direct hormone
  • Produced in hypothalamus
  • released by posterior pituitary gland
  • Triggered by childbirth/nursing
  • causes contractions and milk ejection
  • Positive feedback
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24
Q

ADH (9)

A
  • Antidioretic hormone
  • peptide
  • Direct
  • produced by Hypothalamus
  • Released by Posterior pituitary
  • Triggered by dehydration (high blood osmolarity)
  • Targets nephron in kidneys
  • Increases permeability of wall to water
  • Negative feedback
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25
Q

TRH (8)

A
  • TSH Releasing Hormone
  • Peptide
  • tropic
  • Produced and released by hypothalamus
  • Triggered by low T3/T4
  • Targets anterior pituitary
  • Releases TSH
  • Negative feedback
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26
Q

CRH (8)

A
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
  • Peptide
  • tropic
  • Produced and released by hypothalamus
  • Triggered stress/low blood pressure
  • Targets anterior pituitary
  • Releases ACTH
  • Negative feedback
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27
Q

GnRH (8)

A
  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
  • Peptide
  • tropic
  • Produced and released by hypothalamus
  • Triggered by puberty/hormones regulation stuff
  • Targets anterior pituitary
  • Releases FSH & LH
  • Negative feedback
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28
Q

FSH (8)

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Peptide
  • Tropic
  • Produced and released by Anterior pituitary
  • triggered by GnRH
  • Targets Gonads (ovaries, testes)
  • Stimulates follicle that releases estrogen (causes sperm production)
  • Negative feedback
29
Q

LH (8)

A
  • luteinizing hormone
  • Peptide
  • Tropic
  • Produced and released by Anterior pituitary
  • triggered by GnRH
  • Targets Gonads (ovaries, testes)
  • triggers ovulation that releases progesterone that produces testosterone
  • Negative feedback
30
Q

ACTH (8)

A
  • Adreno-cortico-trophic hormone
  • Peptide
  • Tropic
  • Produced and released by Anterior pituitary
  • Triggered by CRH
  • targets adrenal cortex
  • Releases Aldosterone and cortisol
  • Negative feedback
31
Q

TSH (8)

A
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Peptide
  • Tropic
  • Produced and released by Anterior pituitary
  • Triggered by TRH
  • targets thyroid
  • Releases T3/T4
  • Negative feedback
32
Q

Prolactin Hormone (7)

A
  • Peptide
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by Anterior pituitary
  • Triggered by pregnancy/breast feeding
  • targets breasts
  • Produces milk
  • Negative feedback
33
Q

Endorphin Hormones (7)

A
  • Peptide
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by Anterior pituitary
  • Triggers vary
  • targets brain pain receptors
  • Pain inhibiting on NS
  • Negative feedback
34
Q

GH (8)

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Peptide
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by Anterior pituitary
  • Triggers vary
  • targets whole body
  • promotes protein synthesis ad fat metabolism for growth
  • Negative feedback
35
Q

Hormonal Axis Definition and examples

A

Multiple hormones and endocrine glands functioning together to cause an effect
- HPT (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid)
- HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal)
- HPG (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal)

36
Q

HPT Axis (3)

A
  • Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
  • METABOLISM
  • Includes TRH, TSH and T3/T4
37
Q

T3 and T4 Hormones (8)

A
  • Triiodothyronine
  • Peptide
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by Thyroid
  • Triggered by TSH
  • targets any T3 and T4 Receptors (whole body)
  • roles in development and metabolism (increase rate of oxygen consumption in fat protein and carbs)
  • Negative feedback
38
Q

Hyperthyroidism cause and symptoms

A
  • Excess of T3/T4 in the blood
  • profuse sweating, irritable mood, high blood pressure, losing weight
39
Q

Hypothyroidism cause and symptoms

A
  • Insufficient Iodine in blood (not enough T3/T4)
  • weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold, can result in goiter
40
Q

Congenital Hyperthyroidism

A

Delayed skeletal growth and poor mental development

41
Q

HPA axis (3)

A
  • Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis
  • STRESS RESPONSE
  • Includes CRH, ACTH and Corticosteroids
42
Q

Corticosteroids (3)

A
  • released from adrenal cortex
  • triggered by ACTH
  • aldosterone and cortisol
43
Q

Aldosterone Hormone (8)

A
  • mineralocorticoid
  • steroid
  • Direct
  • Released from Adrenal Cortex
  • triggered by ACTH (low blood pressure)
  • Targets nephrons in the kidney
  • Increases blood pressure through reabsorbtion of sodium ions (water follows)
  • Negative feedback
44
Q

Cortisol Hormone (8)

A
  • Glucocorticoid
  • Steroid
  • direct
  • Produced and released by Adrenal Cortex
  • Triggered by ACTH (stress)
  • Targets mainly muscles and liver
  • Increases blood sugar for energy (stimulates breakdown of muscle proteins making amino acids available to the liver for glucose)
  • suppresses immune system
  • Negative feedback
45
Q

HPG Axis

A
  • Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonadal Axis
  • REPRODUCTION
  • Includes GnRH, LH, FSH and sex hormones
46
Q

Sex hormones (3)

A

Androgen, estrogen and progestin

47
Q

Estrogen Hormones (7)

A
  • Steroid
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by Ovaries
  • Triggered by FSH
  • Targets whole body
  • maintains female reproductive system and promotes female secondary sex characteristics
  • Negative feedback
48
Q

Progesterone Hormone (7)

A
  • Steroid
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by Ovaries
  • Triggered by LH
  • Targets Uterine lining
  • prepares uterus to support an embryo in pregnancy
  • Negative feedback
49
Q

Testosterone Hormone (7)

A
  • Steroid
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by testes
  • Triggered by LH
  • Targets whole body
  • causes male secondary sex characteristics
  • Negative feedback
50
Q

Androgens vs Estrogens difference

A

Androgens trigger development of male characteristics (low voice, facial hair, large muscles)
Estrogens trigger development of female charateristics (higher voice, wider hips, developed breasts)

51
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

synthetic variants of testosterone

52
Q

Calcium roles in the body (3)

A

(aids in) Muscle contractions, blood clots, endocytosis and exocytosis

53
Q

Parathyroid Glands and hormones

A
  • 4 glands embedded on the thyroid
  • secrete Calcitonin and PTH (antagonistic hormones)
54
Q

Calcitonin Hormone (7)

A
  • Peptide
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by Thyroid
  • Triggered by High Ca+
  • targets bones
  • stores Ca+ in bones (antagonistic to PTH)
  • Negative feedback
55
Q

PTH (8)

A
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Peptide
  • Direct
  • Produced and released by parathyroid
  • Triggered by low Ca+
  • targets bones
  • pulls Ca+ from bones (antagonistic to calcitonin)
  • Negative feedback
56
Q

Immediate stress response

A

Using a combination of the NS and ES, the Adrenal medulla (inside the Adrenal cortex) receives a stimuli from the brain produces fight or flight amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

57
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine hormones (7)

A
  • AKA adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • Amino-acid derived (like Peptide)
  • Direct
  • triggered by immediate stress
  • Targets whole body
  • Sends blood to brain and muscles, glucose is released from the liver, blood pressure increases
  • negative feedback
58
Q

Glucose homeostasis and hormones

A

The pancreas produce hormones insulin & glucagon that regulate blood sugar, and stomach produces Ghrelin and Leptin that regulate hunger

59
Q

Insulin hormone (7)

A

(when sugar is IN)
- peptide
- direct
- Produced and released by Pancreas (beta cells)
- Triggered by High blood sugar
- Targets body and liver cells
- lowers blood sugar by allowing tissue uptake (antagonistic of Glucagon)
- Negative Feedback

60
Q

Glucagon hormone (7)

A

(when sugar is GONE)
- peptide
- direct
- Produced and released by pancreas (alpha cells)
- Triggered by low blood sugar
- Targets liver
- Raises blood sugar by releasing glucose from glycogen in the liver (antagonistic of insulin)
- Negative feedback

61
Q

Ghrelin Hormone (7)

A

(stomach is G-rowling)
- Peptide
- Direct
- Produced and released by stomach
- triggered by need for food
- Targets brain
- stimulates hunger (antagonistic of Leptin)
- Negative feedback

62
Q

Leptin hormone (7)

A

(L-eft over food from being full)
- peptide
- direct
- Produced and released by fat cells
- triggered by being full
- Targets brain
- stimulates being full (antagonistic to Ghrelin)
- Negative feedback

63
Q

Diabetes Mellitus disease and symptoms

A
  • Hormonal disease
  • body cells are unable to absorb glucose
  • body burns the body’s supply of fat
  • high glucose concentration
  • high blood sugar
  • excess glucose is let out in urine
    -cause severe dehydration, nerve damage, cardiovascular health issues
64
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Low ADH

65
Q

Type I diabetes

A

INSULIN DEPENDENT
The body’s insulin producers are destroyed, insulin must be injected.

66
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

NOT INSULIN DEPENDENT
The body does not respond to insulin in the blood, managed by things like diets and exercise

67
Q

Hyperglycemia and treatment

A

High blood sugar levels caused by Diabetes Mellitus. Treated with an insulin injection

68
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Overactive beta cells causing glucose levels to drop below normal. Treated with a sugary snack

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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