Unit A7 Flashcards
What is Sociology?
Sociology is the study of human social behaviour, and includes the examination of the origins, institutions
What is Anthropology?
Anthropology consists of the study of humanity
List the Factors that affect behaviour
- Heredity which is affected by genes
- Environment
Environment consists of the conditions and forces that surround and influence an organism
These two constantly interact
What is the definition of personality
Personality can be defined as the ‘dynamic organisation within the individual of the psychological systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought
What is the definition of attitude
Predetermined set of responses, built up as a result of experience of similar situations
List the factors that are known to affect the changing attitudes of individuals or groups
- individual : intelligence, opinion, education
- attitude currently held: group norms,skills
- situation: group situation
- management example
- company culture
- Publicity: positive and negative propaganda in getting across the safety message
What is aptitude
Aptitude is a measure of how appropriate a persons actions are. In a health and safety sense, this can be evident when somebody who knows everything there is to know regarding health and safety takes an inappropriate course of action when faced with making a decision
What is the definition toon of motivation
In psychology, motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour.
Motivation is having the encouragement to do something
What is psychology?
The study of human behavior
List the key theories in motivation
- Frederick Winslow Taylor
- Mayo
- Maslow
List the principles of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s theory on motivation
Taylor had four basic principles of management:
- The development of a true science of work
- The scientific selection and progressive development of the worker
- The bringing together of the science of work and scientifically selected and trained men
- The constant and intimate co-operation of management and men
Describe Mayo’s theory of motivation
Elton Mayo believed that workers are not just concerned with money, but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work
Explain motivation according to Maslow
Each of us is motivated by needs. Our most basic needs are inborn, having evolved over tens of thousands of years. The Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all.
It states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most
obvious needs for survival itself
What are Contemporary Theories of motivation
Process (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation
List the contemporary theories of motivation
- Expectancy theory
- Equity Theory
- Goal-Setting Theory
- Reinforcement Theory
- Hertzberg two factor theory
- DC McClelland Three needs theory
- D. McGregor theory X and Y
List 4 Motivation and re-Enforcement methods
- Workplace incentive schemes
- Reward schemes
- Job satisfaction: Factors which lead to job satisfaction (motivators) / Factors which lead to the absence of dissatisfaction (hygiene)
- Appraisal systems: Way of finding out what problems exists within a workplace and give the opportunity for improvement
What is Behavioural Safety Schemes
Behavioral safety techniques seek to improve health and safety risk control by promoting behaviours critical to health and safety
Typically behaviour-based safety systems consist of:
- Identification of behaviours which could contribute to or have contributed to accidents
- A system of ongoing observations (as identified and defined) and feedback (intervention);
- Use of the information to identify corrective actions
List the key features of a BBS system
- Define ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’ behaviour.
- All involve observation of behaviour in the workplace.
- By managers and/or peers.
- With/without targets
- Provide feedback.
- Reinforce safe behaviour.
- re-educate’ unsafe behaviour.
- Feedback ranges from on-the-spot specific feedback and discussion, to impersonalised general data.
Organisational Factors
A number of organisational factors have been found to be associated with good safety performance:
- Effective communication
- Learning organisation
- External pressures - pressures from outside the organisation including a buoyant financial state of
the organisation, and the impact of regulatory bodies
-Job satisfaction - Workforce composition
What is the influence of formal groups within the organization
Formal organizations are established to achieve goals,aims and objectives. They have clearly defined rules structures and channels of communication
What is the influence of informal groups within the organization
The ‘grapevine’ emerges from social and personal interests of the employees rather than formal requirements of the organisation. Informal communication is inherent and a necessary aspect of
organisation life
List and explain the Types of organizational communication
- Vertical
May flow upwards or downwards - although communication flowing upwards tends to be less than that flowing down - Horizontal
Channeled between departments and within department - inward
- outward
Conflict will occur in an organization because of:
- Personality clashes
- Poor communication
- Conflicting interest
- Lack of leadership and control
Explain the two Approaches to conflict
Unitary approach
Common aims of the organization generate team spirit, company loyalty, and good working conditions
Purist approach
Organization is made up of various groups whose interest and goals may differ. Balance various groups and bring causes of conflict into the open with bargaining
The effect of job factors on the probability of human error:
- Poor work planning, leading to high work pressure
- Lack of safety systems and barriers
- Inadequate responses to previous incidents
- Management based on one-way communications.
- Deficient co-ordination and responsibilities.
- Poor management of health and safety.
- Poor health and safety culture.
What is a anthropometry
- Study of human measurement
What is ergonomics
Ergonomics is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use
What is the advantage of Applying ergonomics to the workplace:
- Reduces the potential for accidents
- Reduces the potential for injury and ill-health; and
- Improves performance and productivity.
What are the Factors to be considered when designing control panels:
- Displays and controls should be easily identified
- Displays should be clear and not affected by glare or reflections from general lighting of the
environment. - Operators should be positioned so that they can see the relevant instrumentation.
- Controls should be easily operated.
- Audible warnings are clearly understood.
List the factors to consider when designing crane cab controls
- Controls within easy reach and permit easy and delicacy of control
- Driver has satisfactory view of operation below
- Driver protected from external environment
Define Human factors
Human factors refer to environmental,
organisational and job factors and human and individual characteristics which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety”.
Explain Job Factors
Requires tasks to be designed in a way that takes into account ergonomic principles and recognises strengths and limitations in human performance.
Give 5 examples of job factors
- Illogical design of equipment, instruments
- Constant disturbances and interruptions
- ## Missing or unclear instructions
Explain Individual Factors
Individual characteristics such as personal attitudes, skills, habits and personalities can be strengths or weaknesses depending upon task demands
Give 5 examples of Individual Factors
- Low skill and competence levels
- Tired staff
- Bored or disheartened staff
- Individual medical problems
Explain Organisational Factors
Organisational factors have the greatest influence upon individual and group behaviour
Give 5 examples of organizational factors
- Poor work planning, leading to high work pressure
- Lack of safety systems and barriers
- Inadequate responses to previous incidents
- Management based upon one-way communication
- Poor management of health and safety
What is HSG48 Reducing Error and Influencing Behaviour
provides a powerful model showing the type of human errors and violations that can be predicted from consideration of organisational, job and individual factors
