Unit A2

Question 1

What is the significance of birds accident triangle

Answer 1

Tackling the less serious events means that there is a very good chance of stopping the major losses from happening

Question 2

Explain ConocoPhillips Marine contribution to birds accident triangle

Answer 2

They undertook a similar study and found that for every fatality there are at least 300 000 at risk behaviors

Question 3

Explain the Multiple causation theory for incidents

Answer 3

Any single accident there are many contributing surface and root causes. Contributing factors may include:

Environmental factors (hazardous conditions in the workplace

Behavioral factors ( improper attitude, lack of knowledge

Question 4

Explain H.W. Heinrich’s domino theory

Answer 4

the occurrence of an injury invariably results from a complicated sequence of factors, the last one being the accident itself

Question 5

List be aspects of the domino theory

Answer 5

accident sequence was likened to dominoes knocking each other down
- Sequence is:

• injury caused by
• accident due to an
• unsafe act & / mechanical or physical hazard due to a
• fault of the person caused by their
• ancestry or social environment
• The accident is avoided (Heinrich) by removing one of the dominoes, normally the middle one - unsafe act

Question 6

Explain the update to the domino theory

Answer 6

Bird and Loftus, introduced two new concepts:

• Influence of management and managerial error
• Loss, as the result of an accident could be production loss, property damage, wastage of assets

Question 7

Explain the theory of multiple causation

Answer 7

• According to Peterson, behind every accident there lie many contributing factors, causes and sub cause. The theory of multiple causation is that these factors combine together, in random fashion causing accidents

Question 8

List the main categories of Accident Causation and Human Error

Answer 8

• immediate causes
• indirect causes
• human error

Question 9

List the two main categories of immediate causes:

Answer 9

• unsafe acts

- unsafe conditions

Question 10

List examples of unsafe acts

Answer 10

• failure to use PPE
• working without authority
• horseplay
• using equipment in the wrong way

Question 11

List examples of unsafe conditions

Answer 11

• poor housekeeping
• bad maintenance
• poor lighting

Question 12

List examples of indirect causes

Answer 12

• lack of policies and procedures
• lack of training and supervision
• lack of resources
• unsuitability of person to task

Question 13

List the two categories of human failures

Answer 13

• active failures

- human failures

Question 14

List the two categories of active failures

Answer 14

Intentional errors

Unintentional errors

Question 15

List the 3 catogories of intentional errors

Answer 15

Routine
Situational
Exceptional

Question 16

List the 2 categories of unintentional errors

Answer 16

Mistakes

Skill based errors

Question 17

List the two categories of mistakes

Answer 17

Rule based

Knowledge based

Question 18

List two categories of mistakes

Answer 18

Slips of action

Lapses in memory

Question 19

What are latent failures

Answer 19

Aspects of the company which can
Immediately predispose active fail e.g
poor design of plant & equipment

Question 20

List the formulas for calculating freq rate

Answer 20

Total number of accidents / total man hours worked X 1 000 000

Question 21

List the formula for incidence rate

Answer 21

Total number accidents / total number of people X 10 000

Question 22

List formula for severity rate

Answer 22

Total no of days lost / total number of hours worked X 1000

Question 23

List formula for mean duration rate

Answer 23

Total no of days lost / total no of accidents

Question 24

List the reasons for investigating accidents

Answer 24

-To fulfil the legal requirements
-To determine the cost of the accidents
-To determine compliance with applicable safety regulations
-To process workers compensation claims
-To find the cause and to prevent similar accidents in the future
-

Question 25

Steps involved in investigating accidents

Answer 25

Report the accident to a responsible person 
Provide first aid to injuries person 
Investigate the accident 
Determine route causes 
Report the findings 
Develop a plan for corrective action 
Implement the plan 
Evaluate the effectiveness of the CA 
Make changes for CI

Question 26

Explain Birds accident triangle

Answer 26

For every one major injury reported there were 10 reported minor injuries, 30 reported property damage incidents
600 reported minor / near miss incidents