Unit 9 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

Zygote

A

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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3
Q

Embryo

A

the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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4
Q

Fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

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7
Q

Habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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8
Q

Maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9
Q

Cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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10
Q

Schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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12
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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13
Q

Object Permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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14
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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15
Q

Conservation

A

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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17
Q

Theory of Mind

A

people’s idea about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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18
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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19
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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20
Q

Autism

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

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21
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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22
Q

Attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

23
Q

Critical Period

A

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

24
Q

Imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

25
Q

Temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

26
Q

Basic Trust

A

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

27
Q

Self-Concept

A

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

28
Q

Gender

A

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

29
Q

Aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

30
Q

X Chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. females have two x chromosomes; males have one. An x chromosome from each parent produces a female child

31
Q

Y Chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an x chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

32
Q

Testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

33
Q

Role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

34
Q

Gender Role

A

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

35
Q

Gender Identity

A

Our sense of being male or female

36
Q

Gender Typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

37
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

38
Q

Adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

39
Q

Puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

40
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

41
Q

Secondary Characteristics

A

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

42
Q

Menarche

A

the first menstrual period

43
Q

Identity

A

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

44
Q

Social Identity

A

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

45
Q

Intimacy

A

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

46
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

47
Q

Menopause

A

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

48
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

49
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period crystallized intelligence

50
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

51
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

52
Q

Social Clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

53
Q

Accomodation

A

Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.