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Biology > Unit 9 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 9 - Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a dendrite

A

a part of the neuron, which has lots of surface area to pick up nerve impulses and conduct the impulse towards the cell body

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2
Q

what is the cell body

A

the metabolic centre of the cell

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3
Q

what metabolic reactions occur inside the cell body?

A

cellular respiration, protein synthesis, and lupus synthesis

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4
Q

what is the axon

A

the part of the neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

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5
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

the part of the neuron that is made of lipids

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6
Q

how is a myelin sheath and axon related

A

the myelin sheath wraps around the axon and cell body to insulate it.

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7
Q

what is the nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin

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8
Q

what is allowed from the nodes of ranvier

A

more rapid nerve conduction along the axon

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9
Q

what is the synaptic endings?

A

the end of the axon

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10
Q

where are vesicles containing neurotransmitters

A

the synaptic endings

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11
Q

what is located only in sensory, or interneurons?

A

synaptic endings

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12
Q

what is the Central Nervous System

A

the brain and spinal cord system

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13
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

the rest of the nervous system

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of the sensory neuron

A

long dendrites and short axon

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of a motor neuron

A

short dendrites and long axon

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16
Q

what is the job of the sensory neuron

A

takes a message from a sense organ to CNS

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17
Q

what is the function of the motor neuron

A

takes messages away from CNS to muscle fiber or gland

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18
Q

what is the function of the interneuron

A

conveys messages between parts of the system in the CNS

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19
Q

what is nerve conduction

A

an electrical impulse that moves in one direction along the length of a nerve fiber

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20
Q

what tool can we use to measure potential differences

A

oscilloscope (a voltmeter that shows a graph of voltage changes

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21
Q

what changes during nerve impulses

A

there are changes in voltage and concentration ls of certain ions

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22
Q

what are the three distinct phases of nerve impulse conduction

A
  1. resting potential
  2. action potential
  3. refractory period
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23
Q

what is resting potential equal to?

A

-70

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24
Q

why is resting potential negative

A

it is caused by the presence of large organic negative ions in the axoplasm

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25
Q

what is axoplasm

A

the cytoplasm inside an axon

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26
Q

during resting potential, sodium ions are more concentrated on the ____ of the membrane

A

on the outside

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27
Q

during resting potential potassium ions are more concentration on the____ of the axon

A

outside

28
Q

how is the distribution between potassium and sodium ions maintained

A

by active transport

29
Q

what stimulates a nerve

A

electric shock, ph change, touch and temperature

30
Q

what is action potential

A

a nerve impulse

31
Q

what is the direction of nerve impulse

A

Electrical nerve impulses usually travel in one direction: dendrites - cell body – axon - synapse.

32
Q

why do nerve impulses only travel in one direction

A

because nerve cells (neurons) connect to each other by synapse.

33
Q

what is the difference between neurones and nerves

A

Neuron is a specialized cell which are involved in transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. They are found in the CNS, A Nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons and nerve fibers found in the peripheral nervous system.

34
Q

what is a reflex

A

reflexes are autonomic, involuntary responses to changes occurring inside or outside of the body, which by pass the brain

35
Q

what are the steps involved in reflex action

A
  1. Receptor is stimulated
  2. sensory neurons carries impulse via the dorsal root ganglion to the spinal cord
  3. neuron synapses with interneuron in the gray matter
  4. interneuron synapses with motorneuron
  5. motor neuron carries impulse via central root to muscle or gland
36
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

37
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

movement and higher intellectual processes like thinking, planning, problem solving etc

38
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

primary senses like touch, pressure, pain, temperature etc

39
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

hearing, smelling, interpretation

40
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

vision

41
Q

what order do the ions involved in resting potential move in

A

first sodium, then potassium

42
Q

why is myelin important

A

This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

43
Q

what makes myelin

A

Schwann cells.

44
Q

what is relationship between an axon and a dendrites

A

Dendrites bring information to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body.

45
Q

what makes the sodium/potassium pump work?

A

ATP

46
Q

what are the six main neurons

A

acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, Endorphin, Norepinephrine, and serotonin

47
Q

is acetylcholine inhibitor or excitatory

A

excitatory

48
Q

is dopamine excitatory or inhibition

A

excitatory

49
Q

is GABA inhibition and excitatory

A

inhibition

50
Q

is endorphin excitatory or inhibition

A

excitatory

51
Q

is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibition

A

excitatory

52
Q

is serotonin excitatory or inhibition

A

inhibition

53
Q

how is the dorsal root ganglion connected to the reflex action

A

the sensory neurons carries impulse via the dorsal root ganglion to the spinal cord

54
Q

what is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic is the emergency response while parasympathetic is the relaxed response

55
Q

which part of brain contains medulla oblongata and the cerebellum

A

hindbrain

56
Q

what is the medulla oblongata

A

the brain stem

57
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

controls heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure

58
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

controls balance and complex muscle movement

59
Q

what is the midbrain

A

the central relay station, between forebrain, hindbrain and medulla oblongata

60
Q

what is in the forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and the corpus callosum

61
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

receives all sensory impulses except for smell

62
Q

what is the function of the hypothesis

A

regulates homeowners

63
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

the connecting piece between the two hemispheres of the brain

64
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

the conscious brain

65
Q

what is the meninges

A

Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.

Biology (6 decks)

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