Unit 2 - Cells Flashcards
what is the watery fluid found inside of a cell
Cytoplasm
What organelle is used for storage of various substances within the cell
Vacuole
What substances are scattered in a mosaic throughout the cell membrane?
Proteins
What polysaccharide makes up the cell wall of plants
Cellulose
The number of ribosomal subunits
two
the middle part of the cell membrane is called ____ because it is water fearing
Hydrophobic
What organelle stores and packages proteins within the cell
golgi apparatus
short hair like structures which aid in cell locomotion
Cilia
proteins that associate with DNA to form the chromosomes
Ribosomes
a dark region within the nucleus which produces rRNA
nucleolus (plural nucleoli)
the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Diffusion
specialized vacuoles which contain digestive enzymes used to break down unwanted material within the cell
lysosome
nuclear ___ are openings in the nuclear membrane where substances made in the nucleus can escape
pores
this substance is made during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration
glucose
the idea that all living organisms are composed of cells and that only cells can produce new cells
the Cell Theory
cellular ___ occurs in the mitochondria
respiration
this substance is a nucleus acid which is a structural component of ribosomes
rRNA
a whip like projection from the cell used for locomotion
flagellum
cells which have a membrane bound nucleus
Eukaryotic cells
cells which do not have a true nucleus- usually smaller in size
prokaryotic
protein ___ is controlled by the DNA and occurs at the ribosomes
synthesis
paired structures found in animal cells which aid in the process of cell division and creation of basal bodies
centrioles
the structure which controls the amount of light entering the microscope
diaphragm
the structures found at the base of cilia or flagella
basal bodies
a general term for describing pigment containing organelles found only in plant cells
Plastids
___ ER is where lipid production occurs
Smooth
Structure surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells
Cell Wall
mitochondria and chloroplasts are related because they are both involved in the capture and release of ____
energy
an organelle which conducts photosynthesis
chloroplast
these substances are made by the smooth ER
lipids
Structure found in the Nucleus made up of DNA
chromosome
organelles which provide energy to the cell
mitochondria
a structure found inside of a cell which carries out a specific function
organelle
the name given to the more robust ribosomal subunit
large
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits which are called ___ and ____ ribosomal subunits repectively
Large and Small
the name given to the more diminutive ribosomal subunit
small
these chemicals are a major component of the cell membrane
phospholipids
the name given to the model which is used to describe the composition of the cell membrane
fluid mosaic
process that takes place in mitochondria where sugar and oxygen are combined to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy
cellular respiration
structure which surrounds the cell contents and monitors the passage of materials in and out of the cell
cell membrane
a matrix of micro tubules and actin filaments which provides internal stability to the cell
cytoskeleton
folded layers of membrane which act as a transport corridors through the cytoplasm of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
the outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane are called ____ because they associate well with water
hydrophilic
folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane where the cellular respiration reactions occur
cristae
a small vacuole - often secreted by the golgi apparatus
vesicles
the central area of a mitochondrion
matrix
these structures are a component of the cytoskeleton and aid with internal movement of structures within the cell
actin filaments
____ER is where protein synthesis occurs
rough
organelle responsible for protein synthesis
ribosome
part of the cell responsible for controlling cellular functions
nucleus
lysosomes contain digestive ____ to help break down materials in the celll
enzymes
this substance makes up chromosomes and codes for proteins
DNA
which organelles have a double membrane
mitochondria, chloroplast and nucleus
why are cells a certain size
the surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger. Thus, if the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume.
how do you calculate surface area?
Length x Width x 6
how do you calculate volume?
Height x Length x Width (depth)
what is the cell membrane composed of
phospholipids and proteins
what is cytoplasm
the fluid portion of the cells, that suspends organelles
what is produced with the cytoplasm
enzymes and proteins
what is the internal protein framework within the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
what is the function of microfilaments
provides the mechanism for contraction in muscle cells
what is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton
cell reproduction
what are the finger like projections that extend out from the cell membrane
microvilli
what are longer hairlike extensions called
cilia
what is the function of cilia
they trap dust particles in mucus in order to prevent them from entering the lungs
what are centrosomes composed of
microtubules
what is the function of centrosomes
involved in mitosis
what is the function of ribosomes
sites for protein synthesis from amino acid subunits
ribosomes are most common in what three cells
pancreatic cells, muscle cells, and epidermal cells.
what cells will contain many mitochondria
muscles and sperm cells because they require a large amount of energy
what is the function of mitochondria
energy production/ ATP
how many chromosomes are in all human cells
46
what is the function of nucleus
the genetic active centre - controls everything
what is endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) a system of interconnected membrane channels in the cytoskeleton
if ribosomes are associated with the ER, it is referred to as ____
rough ER
when endoplasmic reticulum has very few or no ribosomes, it’s know as
Smooth ER
after proteins have been made, they are stored in a series of flattened membrane called ____
Golgi Body
what is the function of the Golgi Body
it sorts and packages proteins for secretion from the cell
where does the cell store digestive enzymes
lysosomes
what do the enzymes in lysosomes do
they help break down organic molecules into components that are useful to the cell in protein synthesis and energy metabolism
enzymes are also stored in ___
peroxisomes
what is the function of peroxisomes
a site in which toxic compounds are neutralized
where are peroxisomes often found
liver cells
what is the function of a cell wall
protects and supports the plant cell and renders it somewhat rigid.
what is the main component of the plant cell wall
cellulose
what is the function of the plasma membrane
regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell, allows for communication between cells.
what is the plant cell membrane made of
phospholipids and proteins
where are the ribosomes commonly located?
along the infoldings of the cell membrane (the endoplasmic reticulum)
what is the function of chloroplasts
a site for photosynthesis
what is the function of Plastid
a structure that stores nutrients and pigment molecules.
what is the function of nuclear pores
RNA passes through then and travels to ribosomes for translation
what is the fluid substance inside the nucleus called
nucleoplasm
what is the thin membrane of lipid and proteins surrounding a cell called
the fluid mosaic model
what does the nucleus contain
genetic information in the form of DNA
DNA in the nucleus of a cell is contained by a number of ____
chromosomes
what are chromosomes made of
DNA and histones
what in the function of chromosomes
packaging of DNA during cell division
what is in the function of the nucleolus
synthesizes and stores the two subunits of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
what is the function of endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis of lipid
the endoplasmic reticulum membranes provide an increase in surface area, allowing ____ to occur
Chemical Reactions
what is ER’s function
storage sites, and transportation routes
what is the function of polyribosomes
produce proteins that will be used INSIDE the cell
what is the golgi apparatus made up of
saccules
what in the function of the golgi apparatus
modifying, packaging, secreting, transporting and labelling of substances
what is the process called where vesicles can move to the cell membrane for export to the outside of the cell?
exocytosis
what is a vesicle
a small vacuoles
how are vacuoles and vesicles formed
form pinching off from the endoplasmic reticulum
what is the function of vacuoles
for storage and transportation of materials
what are secretory vesicles
vesicles that take products out of the cell
what are the three key points of cell theory
- All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
- the cell is the basic unit of life
- all cells come from the division of pre existing cells
what are the main components that go into cellular respiration
glucose
C6H12O6+O2CO2+H2O+ ENERGY
what is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells contain nuclei and membrane bound organelles, while prokaryotes are single -cells and lack a true nucleus.
how can a cell overcome the restrictions related with surface area : volume ratio
by folding on top of itself to increase surface area
idfk i just looked that up
where are proteins and lipids made?
endoplasmic reticulum
where is ATP made
mitochondria
where is glucose made in a plant cell
it comes from photosynthesis
what is a histone
a protein that act as spools around which DNA winds to create chromosomes
difference between animal cells and plant cells
animals cells lack a cell wall, chloroplasts while plant cells lack centrioles
what makes up a microtubule
13 rows of tubulin proteins
what is the function of microtubules
serves in moving materials within the cell, cell movement and cytoskeleton structure
what is exocytosis
Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste and other large molecules from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior
what is endocytosis
the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.
when given two ratios which is better, the smaller or bigger ratio?
the bigger ratio
how do proteins flow through cells in order
nucleus (chromosomes), Rough ER(ribosomes), golgi apparatus, Vacuoles,
