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Biology > Unit 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the watery fluid found inside of a cell

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What organelle is used for storage of various substances within the cell

A

Vacuole

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3
Q

What substances are scattered in a mosaic throughout the cell membrane?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

What polysaccharide makes up the cell wall of plants

A

Cellulose

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5
Q

The number of ribosomal subunits

A

two

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6
Q

the middle part of the cell membrane is called ____ because it is water fearing

A

Hydrophobic

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7
Q

What organelle stores and packages proteins within the cell

A

golgi apparatus

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8
Q

short hair like structures which aid in cell locomotion

A

Cilia

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9
Q

proteins that associate with DNA to form the chromosomes

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

a dark region within the nucleus which produces rRNA

A

nucleolus (plural nucleoli)

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11
Q

the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

specialized vacuoles which contain digestive enzymes used to break down unwanted material within the cell

A

lysosome

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13
Q

nuclear ___ are openings in the nuclear membrane where substances made in the nucleus can escape

A

pores

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14
Q

this substance is made during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration

A

glucose

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15
Q

the idea that all living organisms are composed of cells and that only cells can produce new cells

A

the Cell Theory

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16
Q

cellular ___ occurs in the mitochondria

A

respiration

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17
Q

this substance is a nucleus acid which is a structural component of ribosomes

A

rRNA

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18
Q

a whip like projection from the cell used for locomotion

A

flagellum

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19
Q

cells which have a membrane bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

cells which do not have a true nucleus- usually smaller in size

A

prokaryotic

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21
Q

protein ___ is controlled by the DNA and occurs at the ribosomes

A

synthesis

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22
Q

paired structures found in animal cells which aid in the process of cell division and creation of basal bodies

A

centrioles

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23
Q

the structure which controls the amount of light entering the microscope

A

diaphragm

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24
Q

the structures found at the base of cilia or flagella

A

basal bodies

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25
Q

a general term for describing pigment containing organelles found only in plant cells

A

Plastids

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26
Q

___ ER is where lipid production occurs

A

Smooth

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27
Q

Structure surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells

A

Cell Wall

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28
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts are related because they are both involved in the capture and release of ____

A

energy

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29
Q

an organelle which conducts photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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30
Q

these substances are made by the smooth ER

A

lipids

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31
Q

Structure found in the Nucleus made up of DNA

A

chromosome

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32
Q

organelles which provide energy to the cell

A

mitochondria

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33
Q

a structure found inside of a cell which carries out a specific function

A

organelle

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34
Q

the name given to the more robust ribosomal subunit

A

large

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35
Q

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits which are called ___ and ____ ribosomal subunits repectively

A

Large and Small

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36
Q

the name given to the more diminutive ribosomal subunit

A

small

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37
Q

these chemicals are a major component of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

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38
Q

the name given to the model which is used to describe the composition of the cell membrane

A

fluid mosaic

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39
Q

process that takes place in mitochondria where sugar and oxygen are combined to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy

A

cellular respiration

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40
Q

structure which surrounds the cell contents and monitors the passage of materials in and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

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41
Q

a matrix of micro tubules and actin filaments which provides internal stability to the cell

A

cytoskeleton

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42
Q

folded layers of membrane which act as a transport corridors through the cytoplasm of the cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

the outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane are called ____ because they associate well with water

A

hydrophilic

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44
Q

folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane where the cellular respiration reactions occur

A

cristae

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45
Q

a small vacuole - often secreted by the golgi apparatus

A

vesicles

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46
Q

the central area of a mitochondrion

A

matrix

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47
Q

these structures are a component of the cytoskeleton and aid with internal movement of structures within the cell

A

actin filaments

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48
Q

____ER is where protein synthesis occurs

A

rough

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49
Q

organelle responsible for protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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50
Q

part of the cell responsible for controlling cellular functions

A

nucleus

51
Q

lysosomes contain digestive ____ to help break down materials in the celll

A

enzymes

52
Q

this substance makes up chromosomes and codes for proteins

A

DNA

53
Q

which organelles have a double membrane

A

mitochondria, chloroplast and nucleus

54
Q

why are cells a certain size

A

the surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger. Thus, if the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume.

55
Q

how do you calculate surface area?

A

Length x Width x 6

56
Q

how do you calculate volume?

A

Height x Length x Width (depth)

57
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of

A

phospholipids and proteins

58
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

the fluid portion of the cells, that suspends organelles

59
Q

what is produced with the cytoplasm

A

enzymes and proteins

60
Q

what is the internal protein framework within the cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

61
Q

what is the function of microfilaments

A

provides the mechanism for contraction in muscle cells

62
Q

what is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton

A

cell reproduction

63
Q

what are the finger like projections that extend out from the cell membrane

A

microvilli

64
Q

what are longer hairlike extensions called

A

cilia

65
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

they trap dust particles in mucus in order to prevent them from entering the lungs

66
Q

what are centrosomes composed of

A

microtubules

67
Q

what is the function of centrosomes

A

involved in mitosis

68
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

sites for protein synthesis from amino acid subunits

69
Q

ribosomes are most common in what three cells

A

pancreatic cells, muscle cells, and epidermal cells.

70
Q

what cells will contain many mitochondria

A

muscles and sperm cells because they require a large amount of energy

71
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

energy production/ ATP

72
Q

how many chromosomes are in all human cells

A

46

73
Q

what is the function of nucleus

A

the genetic active centre - controls everything

74
Q

what is endoplasmic reticulum

A

(ER) a system of interconnected membrane channels in the cytoskeleton

75
Q

if ribosomes are associated with the ER, it is referred to as ____

A

rough ER

76
Q

when endoplasmic reticulum has very few or no ribosomes, it’s know as

A

Smooth ER

77
Q

after proteins have been made, they are stored in a series of flattened membrane called ____

A

Golgi Body

78
Q

what is the function of the Golgi Body

A

it sorts and packages proteins for secretion from the cell

79
Q

where does the cell store digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

80
Q

what do the enzymes in lysosomes do

A

they help break down organic molecules into components that are useful to the cell in protein synthesis and energy metabolism

81
Q

enzymes are also stored in ___

A

peroxisomes

82
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes

A

a site in which toxic compounds are neutralized

83
Q

where are peroxisomes often found

A

liver cells

84
Q

what is the function of a cell wall

A

protects and supports the plant cell and renders it somewhat rigid.

85
Q

what is the main component of the plant cell wall

A

cellulose

86
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A

regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell, allows for communication between cells.

87
Q

what is the plant cell membrane made of

A

phospholipids and proteins

88
Q

where are the ribosomes commonly located?

A

along the infoldings of the cell membrane (the endoplasmic reticulum)

89
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts

A

a site for photosynthesis

90
Q

what is the function of Plastid

A

a structure that stores nutrients and pigment molecules.

91
Q

what is the function of nuclear pores

A

RNA passes through then and travels to ribosomes for translation

92
Q

what is the fluid substance inside the nucleus called

A

nucleoplasm

93
Q

what is the thin membrane of lipid and proteins surrounding a cell called

A

the fluid mosaic model

94
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

genetic information in the form of DNA

95
Q

DNA in the nucleus of a cell is contained by a number of ____

A

chromosomes

96
Q

what are chromosomes made of

A

DNA and histones

97
Q

what in the function of chromosomes

A

packaging of DNA during cell division

98
Q

what is in the function of the nucleolus

A

synthesizes and stores the two subunits of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)

99
Q

what is the function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis of lipid

100
Q

the endoplasmic reticulum membranes provide an increase in surface area, allowing ____ to occur

A

Chemical Reactions

101
Q

what is ER’s function

A

storage sites, and transportation routes

102
Q

what is the function of polyribosomes

A

produce proteins that will be used INSIDE the cell

103
Q

what is the golgi apparatus made up of

A

saccules

104
Q

what in the function of the golgi apparatus

A

modifying, packaging, secreting, transporting and labelling of substances

105
Q

what is the process called where vesicles can move to the cell membrane for export to the outside of the cell?

A

exocytosis

106
Q

what is a vesicle

A

a small vacuoles

107
Q

how are vacuoles and vesicles formed

A

form pinching off from the endoplasmic reticulum

108
Q

what is the function of vacuoles

A

for storage and transportation of materials

109
Q

what are secretory vesicles

A

vesicles that take products out of the cell

110
Q

what are the three key points of cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
  3. all cells come from the division of pre existing cells
111
Q

what are the main components that go into cellular respiration

A

glucose

C6H12O6+O2CO2+H2O+ ENERGY

112
Q

what is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells contain nuclei and membrane bound organelles, while prokaryotes are single -cells and lack a true nucleus.

113
Q

how can a cell overcome the restrictions related with surface area : volume ratio

A

by folding on top of itself to increase surface area

idfk i just looked that up

114
Q

where are proteins and lipids made?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

115
Q

where is ATP made

A

mitochondria

116
Q

where is glucose made in a plant cell

A

it comes from photosynthesis

117
Q

what is a histone

A

a protein that act as spools around which DNA winds to create chromosomes

118
Q

difference between animal cells and plant cells

A

animals cells lack a cell wall, chloroplasts while plant cells lack centrioles

119
Q

what makes up a microtubule

A

13 rows of tubulin proteins

120
Q

what is the function of microtubules

A

serves in moving materials within the cell, cell movement and cytoskeleton structure

121
Q

what is exocytosis

A

Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste and other large molecules from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior

122
Q

what is endocytosis

A

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

123
Q

when given two ratios which is better, the smaller or bigger ratio?

A

the bigger ratio

124
Q

how do proteins flow through cells in order

A

nucleus (chromosomes), Rough ER(ribosomes), golgi apparatus, Vacuoles,

Biology (6 decks)

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