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Biology > Unit 3 - Protein synthesis > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Protein synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is DNA

A

DNA is a deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

a polymer of nucleotides which was formed by dehydration synthesis

A

DNA

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3
Q

what are the 3 major functions of DNA

A
  1. DNA controls cellular activities
  2. DNA makes exact copies of itself
  3. DNA undergoes mutations
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4
Q

DNA is the source of ____

A

the unity of life

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5
Q

Life most likely began as a ____

A

nucleic acid

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6
Q

the first form of life was____

A

a self replicating strand of RNA

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7
Q

Explain how there are different species on earth

A

DNA mutations - different combinations of DNA sequences due to mutations and sexual reproduction

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8
Q

When did the DNA double helix discovered?

A

1953

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9
Q

what is a nucleotide composed of?

A
  1. a pentose sugar
  2. a phosphate group
  3. a nitrogenous base
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10
Q

what are the two types of bases

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

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11
Q

what are the differences between Purines and Pyrimidines

A

Purines have a double nitrogen ring structure while Pyrimidines have a single nitrogen ring structure.

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12
Q

what are the two nucleotide bases with double ring structures

A

Adenine and Guanine

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13
Q

what are the two nitrogen bases with single ring structures

A

Thymine and Cytosine

Uracil but that’s only for RNA

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14
Q

what are the complementary base pairing between strands?

A

Adenine bonds with Thymine

Guanine bonds with Cytosine

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15
Q

how are Purines and Pyrimidines linked together?

A

by hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are in the complementary base pairings

A 
A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds
G-C = 3 hydrogen bonds
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17
Q

what is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

the number of Purine Bases equals the number of Pyrimidines bases

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18
Q

what does the sequence of the bases determine?

A

it codes heredity information in the genetic code in DNA and RNA

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19
Q

Every human cell contains about one meter of DNA which amounts to ____ pairs of bases

A

four billion

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20
Q

what is a Gene

A

units of inheritance that control particular characteristics or capabilities of an organism

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21
Q

where are genes located

A

on the chromosomes

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22
Q

what does a gene consist of

A

a sequence of about 1000 DNA base pairs

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23
Q

how many genes compose the DNA molecule of a single human chromosome

A

175,000

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24
Q

genes always occur in ___

A

pairs

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25
Q

what do Genes control

A

cellular chemical reactions

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26
Q

how do genes control cellular chemical reactions

A

by directing the formation of enzymes

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27
Q

what are chromosomes held together by?

A

proteins called histones

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28
Q

before a cell can divide, what must occur

A

All of the DNA must be duplicated

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29
Q

what is the duplication process called

A

replication

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30
Q

each new strand of DNA produces has ________

A

a sequence of bases exactly complementary to the template strand

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31
Q

what is a template strand

A

the parental strand

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32
Q

each new stand of DNA contains _______

A

one “old” strand and on new strand

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33
Q

When DNA is replicated and contains one “old” strand and a new strand, what is this process called?

A

semi conservative replication

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34
Q

why does semi conservative replication happen prior to cells dividing

A

so that each new daughter cell receives the same genetic material as the parent cell

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35
Q

what is the genetic material of some viruses?

A

RNA

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36
Q

what is a necessary process to occur for all living organisms

A

protein synthesis

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37
Q

What does RNA consist off

A

Nucleotides

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38
Q

What is a RNA nucleotide composed of?

A
  1. a 5-carbon sugar called ribose
  2. a phosphate group that is attached to one end of the sugar molecule
  3. one of several different nitrogenous bases
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39
Q

there’s one base that is different from DNA, the base _____

A

Uracil

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40
Q

what does Uracil replace?

A

Thymine

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41
Q

RNA is not a double helix because….

A

it’s single stranded

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42
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA

A
  1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  2. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  3. transfer RNA (tRNA)
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43
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

it controls cellular activity, replication and can undergo mutations

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44
Q

What is the function of rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA combine with a protein to form ribosomes, and aid in the protein synthesis

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45
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

messenger RNA copies sections of a DNA template strand

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46
Q

what is the function of tRNA

A

transfer RNA carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis

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47
Q

where do you find hydrogen bonds in DNA

A

in the middle between the bases

48
Q

where do you find covalent bonds in the DNA strand

A

along the phosphate and sugar group

49
Q

what is the difference between Purines and Pyrimidines

A

Purines have a double nitrogen ring structure while Pyrimidines have a single nitrogen ring structure

50
Q

what are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

a pentose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

51
Q

If a nucleotide has 20% Thymine, how much does a Gaunine base make up?

A

30%
explanation: Thymine equals 20% which means Adenine equals 20% leaving 60% lets over divided amongst Gaunine and Cytosine

52
Q

What is chargaff’s rule?

A

the number of Purine bases equals the number of pyrimidine bases

53
Q

What are the pairings in a DNA molecule

A

A-T, C-G

54
Q

what are the pairings in RNA

A

A-U, C-G

55
Q

what are the pairings in mRNA

A

A-U,C-G

56
Q

what are the pairings in tRNA

A

A-U, C-G

57
Q

what is semi conservative replication?

A

when each new strand of DNA produced contains one “old” strand and one new strand

58
Q

what is the role of helicase

A

the enzyme helps the H- bonds between the two strands of DNA break

59
Q

what is the role of DNA polymerase

A

helps H-Bonds form between template and complementary strand

60
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase

A

it’s involved in transcription

61
Q

what is a gene

A

genes are the units of inheritance that control particular characteristics or capabilities of an organism

62
Q

where is a gene located

A

genes are located on the chromosomes of the cell nucleus

63
Q

what is the function of a gene

A

genes control cellular chemical reactions by directing the formation of enzymes

64
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double stranded / double helix

65
Q

what nucleic acid is single stranded

A

RNA

66
Q

what is the function of the bases

A

they function as the the fundamental units of the genetic code

67
Q

what are the three steps of translation

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

68
Q

what is the steps of transcription

A

H bonds in the DNA unzip, and the sense strand of the DNA combined with the complementary RNA bases, and the DNA molecule requires fa and returns to its normal double helix form

69
Q

where does RNA get made?

A

in the nucleus

70
Q

How big is a codon

A

3 letters long

71
Q

how many different codons are there?

A

64

72
Q

what is a codon

A

a 3 letter unit of mRNA which codes for one amino acid

73
Q

what is a anticodon

A

a base sequence that is complementary to the codon

74
Q

where is an anticodon found?

A

on tRNA

75
Q

what are the three types of mutagens?

A

Chemical, Radiation and Viral

76
Q

what causes chemical mutagens?

A

pesticides, food additives, MSG, acetone, benzene, and cigarette smoke

77
Q

what causes radiation mutagens

A

UV light, X rays, and gamma rays

78
Q

what causes viral mutagens

A

HPV

79
Q

what happens during initiation

A

the small rRNA subunit first attaches to the start codon on the mRNA, then a tRNA anticodon pairs with the codon, where the large rRNA subunit then joins with the small subunit

80
Q

what occurs during elongation

A

more amino acids are added and connected together to form a polypeptide as a specified by the mRNA sequence.

81
Q

what occurs during termination

A

elongation repeated until a special codon called a stop codon is reached

82
Q

what are the three stop codons

A

uaa, uag, uga

83
Q

where does transcription occurs

A

the nucleus

84
Q

where does the translation occur

A

the ribosome

85
Q

what is a gene mutations

A

a mutation which affects only one gene; small scale but can have devastating effects

86
Q

what is chromosomal mutations

A

a mutation which affects many genes because they affect entire chromosomes or parts of chromosomes

87
Q

what is a somatic mutation

A

a mutation which occurs in body cells after birth e.g cancer

88
Q

what is a germinal mutation

A

a mutation of the gametes or early in the development of the embryo

89
Q

what are the three types of gene mutations

A

addition, substitution or deletion

90
Q

what are the four different types of chromosome mutations

A

inversion, translocation, duplication, deletion

91
Q

what are the two worst types of mutations

A

addition and deletion which can lead to frame shift mutations

92
Q

what is a polysome

A

a cluster of ribosomes held together by a strand of messenger RNA that each ribosome is translating.

93
Q

what are the three major enzymes

A

RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase and Helicase

94
Q

what type of mutation is this…
a b c d e f g l m n o p q r ——->
a b c d e q r l m n o p f g

A

translocation

95
Q

what type of mutation is this…

a b c d e f g ——-> a b c d e d e f g

A

duplication

96
Q

what type of mutation is this?

a b c d e f g ——> b c d e f g

A

deletion

97
Q

describe the bond strength in a DNA molecule

A

a hydrogen bond which hold pairs of bases together, is weak, which is why the covalent bonds which hold the backbone together is very strong

98
Q

what is a pyrimidine

A

One of two chemical compounds that cells use to make the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Examples of pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

99
Q

what is a purine

A

the building blocks of dna and rna molecules. examples are adenine and guanine

100
Q

what is replication

A

replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.

101
Q

what is transcription

A

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

102
Q

what is translation?

A

the process in which mRNA is made into amino acids

103
Q

what is DNA ligase

A

DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.

104
Q

what is a ribosome

A

The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.

105
Q

what is a gene mutation

A

an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

106
Q

what is substitution

A

when a nucleotide is substituted or replaced by another nucleotide

107
Q

what is addition

A

when a nucleotide or multiple nucleotides are added

108
Q

what is deletion

A

when a nucleotide or multiple nucleotides are deleted out of the amino acid sequence

109
Q

what is chromosomal mutation

A

Chromosome mutation is the process of change that results in rearranged chromosome parts, abnormal numbers of individual chromosomes, or abnormal numbers of chromosome sets.

110
Q

what is inversion

A

An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end.

111
Q

what is translocation

A

A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Sometimes pieces from two different chromosomes will trade places with each other.

112
Q

what is duplication

A

when a piece or pieces of the chromosome are duplicated or doubled

113
Q

what is a mutagen

A

any factor that can cause a mutation

114
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

a mutagen that causes cancer

115
Q

what is a vector

A

A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal.

116
Q

what is a plasmid

A

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA.

Biology (6 decks)

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