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Biology > Unit 5 - Enzymes and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Enzymes and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the relationship between enzymes and catalyst

A

all enzymes are catalysts, but not all catalysts are enzymes as catalysts are something that speeds up a chemical reaction.

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2
Q

what are 4 ways to increase the reaction rate

A

temperature, surface area, concentration and use of a catalyst

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3
Q

how does a catalyst increase reaction rate

A

it lowers the activation energy of the reactant

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4
Q

how does temperature increase reaction rate

A

by increasing the temperature, it will increase reaction rate due to the increase of successful collisions between reactants

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5
Q

how does increasing surface area work to increase reaction rate?

A

it will increase the amount of reactants that can react

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6
Q

how does concentration increase a chemical reaction rate

A

by increasing the concentration, the amount of reactant that can react increases as well

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7
Q

what is the suffix of an enzyme

A

-ase

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8
Q

what makes up an enzyme?

A

an apoenzyme and a cofactor

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9
Q

what is an apoenzyme?

A

a protein

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10
Q

what makes up the cofactor of an enzyme

A

an inorganic ion (metal) or a organic (co enzyme)

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11
Q

what are the hormones involved in negative feedback

A

The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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12
Q

what hormones are involved in positive feedback?

A

oxytocin

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13
Q

where are instructions for proteins synthesis

A

DNA molecules found in nucleus

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14
Q

what organelles are involved in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and nucleus

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15
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of equilibrium of the body’s internal environment in the face of changing conditions.

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16
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action throughout the body, as well as all cell functions.

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17
Q

how can an enzymes or protein denature?

A

high temperature, low or high pH, and heavy metals

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18
Q

what is thyroxine job?

A

Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and maintenance of bones.

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19
Q

what’s the difference between coenzymes and cofactors

A

Coenzymes are organic molecules and quite often bind loosely to the active site of an enzyme and aid in substrate recruitment, whereas cofactors do not bind the enzyme.

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20
Q

what structure would an enzyme have to be for active site

A

enzymes need to be tertiary structure.

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21
Q

what is a endocrine gland do

A

secretes hormones like hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovaries and tested directly into the blood

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22
Q

what does a exocrine gland do?

A

secrete hormones like hypothalamus and pancreas into ducta

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23
Q

what is it called when an enzyme combines with a substrate?

A

enzyme-substrate complex

24
Q

true or false:

enzymes can be used up during a chemical reaction

A

FALSE…. they do not get used up

25
Q

how many reactions can an enzyme control?

A

just one, as enzymes are specific

26
Q

what is a chemoreceptors and it’s job

A

it responds to chemical substances in the immediate vicinity including taste, smell, blood pH, and pain

27
Q

what are a photoreceptors job

A

to respond to light energy

28
Q

what is a pressaurerecptors job?

A

to detect changes in blood pressure

29
Q

what is a stretch receptors job

A

to detect the degree of lung inflation

30
Q

what is a thermoreceptors job?

A

to respond to warm and cold

31
Q

where are thermo receptors located?

A

hypothalamus and the skin

32
Q

what elements are important in a diet?

A

iodine

33
Q

what occurs during negative feedback

A

things like blood pressure, pH, and temperature are maintained by constantly increasing or decreasing hormones involved

34
Q

what occurs during positive feedback

A

hormones are consistently released and makes stimulus more intense

35
Q

what is the metabolic pathway

A

the pathway is a series of reactions, which begins with a particular reactant and terminate with an end product

36
Q

what will occur if an enzyme in the middle of a metabolic pathway stopped working

A

the products and or reactants which would normally be produced from the missing enzyme, would not function or be created

37
Q

what slows down the reaction rate?

A

denaturation, inhibition and temperature

38
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. (ab + water = a+b)

39
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.
(a+b=ab + h2o)

40
Q

the thyroid gland produces what hormone

A

thyroxin

41
Q

what element is need to make the hormone produces from the thyroid

A

iodine

42
Q

what is the difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones

A

steroid hormones can pass through the membrane freely while peptide hormones have to bind to a specific receptor protein

43
Q

what is an example of peptide hormones

A

insulin, oxytocin, and the growth hormone

44
Q

what is an example of steroid hormones

A

testosterone

45
Q

what is the area of the brain that monitors levels for enzymes

A

hypothalamus

46
Q

what is an allosteric site

A

The allosteric site is a site that allows molecules to either activate or inhibit (or turn off) enzyme activity.

47
Q

how is a allosteric site different from an active site

A

It’s different than the active site on an enzyme, as it’s where substrates bind.

48
Q

what is inhibition

A

an inhibiting molecule controls, prevents, restrains, arrests, or regulates, as in “to inhibit an action”.

49
Q

what occurs during inhibition

A

the end product of the metabolic pathway, bonds to the allosteric site which changes the shape of the active site, making it so the end product is no longer produced

50
Q

what’s the difference between lock and key theory, and induced fit model

A

in the induced fit model, the enzyme undergoes a slight alteration to achieve a perfect fit, while lock and key theory shows that the enzymes have a specific shape meaning the do not have to adjust for the substrate

51
Q

if a graph shows a high amount of free energy, what does that show

A

that there is no catalyst or enzyme

52
Q

if a graph shows that there will is no enzyme for the reaction, what does that mean

A

that the rate of reaction is slower and a higher energy of activist ion is needed to active the reactants

53
Q

if a graph shows a low amount of free energy, what does that mean

A

that there is an enzyme or catalyst

54
Q

if there is a catalyst in a reaction, what does that mean

A

the rate of reaction is much faster and a lower energy of activation is needed to activate reactants

55
Q

what is optimal temperature for humans

A

37°

56
Q

where are most enzymes neutral at?

A

near pH 7

Biology (6 decks)

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