Unit 9: Development and Parenting - KEY TERMS AND SUMMARY ONLY Flashcards
What is SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of gender development?
proposes that children learn gendered beliefs, behaviour, and preferences by observing and imitating models and by receiving reinforcement and punishment from others
emphasis on external factors like socialization agents
What is SEX-TYPING?
the processes by which individuals acquire gendered behaviour patterns
some behaviours elicit different patterns of reward and punishment for children of different sexes
What is CROSS-SEX BEHAVIOUR?
behaviour that is strongly associated with a sex group other than one’s own
What are SEX RATIOS?
the numbers of men per woman in a population
What is the PREFERENTIAL LOOKING METHOD?
a method for determining preferences among preverbal infants that involves showing them 2 different objects or stimuli and examining how much time they spend looking at each one
research finds that infants as young as 3-8 months prefer looking at sex-typical toys
What is COGNITIVE THEORY of gender development?
proposes that children learn gender by progressing through a series of increasingly sophisticated cognitive stages, and that emergence of sex-typed cognitions causes children to learn sex-typed behaviours and preferences
emphasis on how children’s growing cognitive abilities lead them to develop gender
What are the 3 stages of the cognitive developmental theory of gender?
1) develop GENDER IDENTITY: the ability to describe the self as a boy or girl and to label others according to sex; ~ age 2-3
2) GENDER STABILITY: the understanding that sex remains (largely) invariant across time; ~ age 4-5
3) GENDER CONSTANCY: the recognition that gender is (largely) fixed and does not change as a result of external, superficial features; ~ age 6-7
What is GENDER SCHMEA THEORY?
proposes that gender schemas guide how people interpret, process, and remember new gender relevant information
children begin to build a schema for gender by seeking out additional information about gendered traits, behaviours, and roles
What is a GENDER SCHEMA?
a mental model about gender, based on prior learning and experience, that guides how people interpret, process and remember new gender relevant information
What is a SELF-CONCEPT?
the entire set of an individual’s beliefs, feelings, and knowledge about the self, which can help explain how some people come to develop gender self-views
What is GENDER SCHEMATIC and GENDER ASCHEMATIC?
having a tendency to use gender as a salient schema for understanding the world
lacking the tendency to use gender as a salient schema for understanding the world
What is DEVELOPMENTAL IN-GROUP THEORY?
a variant of gender schema theory that emphasizes how groups shape the formation of gender stereotypes and prejudices in children
assumes that individuals tend to appraise groups positively as soon as they identify with the group
What is IN-GROUP BIAS?
favoritism for one’s own social group over other groups
What is FAMILISM?
a set of collectivistic social values that promote loyalty, support, and interdependence among family members
What is the GENDER SELF-SOCIALIZATION MODEL?
integrates assumptions from other cognitive approaches and focuses on the dynamic links among gender identity, gender stereotypes, and gendered self-views
proposes that children form 3 sets of cognitive associations about gender: connect the self to a sex group (identity); connect sex groups to traits (stereotypes); connect the self to traits (self-views)
