Unit #9 Flashcards
What is the legacy of WWII?
After the war inflation shot up due to the lack of price controls, sinking of the gross national product and abundance of labor strikes Americans feared another Great Depression. Then, the post war prosperity kicked in due to colossal military projects.
Bretton Woods Agreement
Held in 1944 the Western Allies established the International Monetary Fund, established the World Bank, and created open markets between 44 nations.
World Bank
Created by the Bretton Woods Agreement. The goal was to promote economic growth in war ravaged and underdeveloped areas.
International Monetary Fund
Created by the Bretton Woods Agreement. Encouraged world trade by regulating the currency exchange rates.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
In 1944, this conference created the United Nations. China, the Soviets, the Prime Minister of Britain and the President were at the conference.
United Nations
Opened in 1945, this was formed a Security Council to be headed by 5 permanent powers that have total veto power and an assembly of smaller countries. Their goal is to preserve peace. UNESCO was created underneath the UN.
United Nations
Opened in 1945, this was formed a Security Council to be headed by 5 permanent powers that have total veto power and an assembly of smaller countries. Their goal is to preserve peace. UNESCO was created underneath the UN.
The Nuremberg Trials
From 1945-46 punished 23 culprits of the Holocaust fir crimes against war/humanity and plotting against treaty pledges. Critiques argues that these were judicial lynchings since the victims were tried for offenses that weren’t crimes when the war began.
Baruch Plan
A U.S. Delegate called in 1946 for a UN agency, free from great power veto, that could investigate all nuclear facilities and weapons. The USSR rejected the proposal because they didn’t want to give up veto power.
Occupation of Germany
Germany was divided into four occupational zones controlled by the Allied Powers minus China. Berlin itself was divided into four zones as well.
The Cold War
USA and USSR as the only world superpowers after WWII trouble seemed imminent because the US had waited to recognize the USSR. They were also very advanced and had been isolationist. They found themselves in a political stare-down.
The Cold War
USA and USSR as the only world superpowers after WWII trouble seemed imminent because the US had waited to recognize the USSR. They were also very advanced and had been isolationist. They found themselves in a political stare-down.
The “iron curtain” Speech
In 1945, the PM of Britain, Winston Churchill, delivered a speech for Americans. He stressed the importance of democracy in Russia and the iron curtain referred to the rise of communism.
The “iron curtain” Speech
In 1945, the PM of Britain, Winston Churchill, delivered a speech for Americans. He stressed the importance of democracy in Russia and the iron curtain referred to the rise of communism.
George Kenan
The soviet specialist that crafted the containment policy for Truman.
Containment
A policy that Truman adopted which stated that firm containment of Soviet expansion would halt Communist power.
Truman Doctrine
In 1947, Truman requested, of Congress, $400 million to help Greece and Turkey from falling into communist power. The doctrine stated that the US would aid any power fishing communist aggression.
Reinhold Neibuhr
A liberal, protestant clergyman that supported Truman’s cold war by characterizing it as a battle between good and evil. He stated that it was Christian justice to respond to Hitler and Stalin.
Marshall Plan
The Secretary of State Marshall implemented this recovery effort to have Western Europe up and prosperous in not time. It invited Europeans to created a joint plan (aka European Community). Congress send $12.5 Billion. They place conditions on it for the USSR so they wouldn’t accept. The plan was a success!
Marshall Plan
The Secretary of State Marshall implemented this recovery effort to have Western Europe up and prosperous in not time. It invited Europeans to created a joint plan (aka European Community). Congress send $12.5 Billion. They place conditions on it for the USSR so they wouldn’t accept. The plan was a success!
Coup in Czechslovakia
Soviet-sponsored coup that toppled the government. This caused the Marshall Plan to pass because the Congressman decided that Europeans needed to be able to fight.
National Security Act
In 1947, this act created the Department of Defense which was housed in the Pentagon. The Secretary of Defense was the leader of the secretaries of the army, navy and air force (Joint Chiefs of Staff).
National Security Council
Formed by the National Security Act, this advised the president on security matters.
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency; coordinated the government’s foreign fact-gathering.
“Voice of America”
1948; A radio broadcast that played American propaganda/news behind the iron curtain.
Selective Service System
1948; A military draft. This redefined many young people’s career choices and persuaded them to go to college. A means by which the US maintained information on those potentially subject to military conscription.
Founding of Isreal
1948; The United Nations created the Jewish state of Israel. This was a place for holocaust survivors and this was a preemptive attempt to stop Soviet influence. There was heavy Arab opposition to this and the Arabs controlled oil supplies in the Middle East.
Berlin Airlift
1948; Because the Western nations seemed as though they would not be forcing Germany to pay reparations to the USSR they choked off all air/railway access to Berlin. The Berlin Airlift was organized by the allied to feed the people of Berlin and in 1949 the Soviets stopped the blockade.
Federal Republic of Germany
West Germanic Occupation Zones; Allies minus Russia and China
German Democratic Republic
East Germanic Occupation Zones; Russia
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Declared that an attack on one NATO member would be an attack on all. This was a departure from Am. Diplomatic Convention, a sign of European Unification and a sign of militarization for the cold war.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Declared that an attack on one NATO member would be an attack on all. This was a departure from Am. Diplomatic Convention, a sign of European Unification and a sign of militarization for the cold war.
Warsaw Pact
A response to NATO by Russia. A communist alliance system with Russia and its satellite countries.
Warsaw Pact
A response to NATO by Russia. A communist alliance system with Russia and its satellite countries.
Reconstruction of Japan
General Douglas McArthur headed this operation and tried to stop top Japanese war criminals. He dictated a constitution that was adopted in 1946 and democratized Japan. The Japanese cooperated and this paved the way to economic recovery.
1946 Congressional Election
Taft-Hartley Act
A result of the increase in labor strikes after WWII. Outlawed “closed shops” and made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves and required union leaders to take non-communist oaths.
Operation Dixie
When labor tried to organize in the South and West. The aim was to unionize textile and steel workers but due to fear of racial mixing and the fact that people work in part time jobs and are separated from each other.
Operation Dixie
When labor tried to organize in the South and West. The aim was to unionize textile and steel workers but due to fear of racial mixing and the fact that people work in part time jobs and are separated from each other.
Employment Act
1946; Made it government policy to “promote maximum employment production and purchasing power”. It created the Council of Economic Advisors to provide the president with data to make that policy a reality. It also passed the GI Bill of Rights.
GI Bill of Rights
Allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war. $2 million went to school. This was created out of fear that the industries wouldn’t be able to handle the GIs coming from WWII.
GI Bill of Rights
Allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war. $2 million went to school. This was created out of fear that the industries wouldn’t be able to handle the GIs coming from WWII.
Long Economic Boom
In the late 1940s to the 1960s, the economy began to boom. The middle class more than doubled and some women gave up their former roles as housewives. The prosperity was caused by the war itself because it forced America to produce a lot. But a lot of the prosperity rested on colossal military projects as a result if the Korean war.
Levittowns
The Levitt brothers had created a cheap housing plan that allowed them to create rows of monotonous houses in the projects.
White Flight
As minorities filled the cities the white people left and when to the suburbs. Federal agencies often refused to make loans to black due to the “risk factor” involved with this.
Chinese Civil War
In China communist forces were lead by Mao Zedong to defeat the nationalists lead by Chiang Kai-Shek. Chian Kai-Shek fled to Taiwan (Formosa) in 1949. As China turned communist critics of Truman stated he should have supported the nationalists more but Chiang Kai-Shek never had the support of the people anyway.
People’s Republic of China
The name of China after the communist take over by Mao Zedong.
NSC-68
When North Korea invaded South Korea, Truman sprang to action to quadruple American military spending. He remembered that the League of Nations had been inaffective due to inactivity.
The H-Bomb
The US exploded the hydrogen bomb in 1952 and the Soviets followed suit a year later and this began the arms race of the cold war.
The H-Bomb
The US exploded the hydrogen bomb in 1952 and the Soviets followed suit a year later and this began the arms race of the cold war.
Federal Loyalty Review Board
Due to the anti-red chase, the US formed this board to investigate more that 3 million federal employees. The organizations that were targeted were not given the opportunity to defend for themselves.
The Second Red Scare
Loyalty Review Board, Smith Act of 1940, HUAC, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarren Internal Security Bill, the Rosenbergs
HUAC
Committee on Un-American Activities in 1938; investigated subversion
Smith Act of 1940
The first peacetime anti-sedition law which made it a crime to teach and advocate for overthrowing the government.
Hollywood Blacklist
500 actors, writers and producers that refused to work with HUAC
Alger Hiss
A new dealer prosecuted by Richard Nixon, a member of HUAC. They found falsehoods in his story and convicted him of perjury.
Richard Nixon
A member of HUAC that prosecuted Alger Hiss.
The Rosenbergs
Julius and Ethel were brought to trial, convicted then executed for selling nuclear secrets to the Russians. Their trail was sensationalized because they had two young boys.
McCarren Internal Security Act
Vetoed by Truman, but enacted under the veto; This act would have let the president arrest and detain suspicious people during an international security emergency.
Joseph McCarthy
1950; he charged that there were scores of unknown communists in the State Department. He couldn’t prove it and many Americans felt the red chase had gone to far.
President’s Committee on Civil Rights
Under Truman; Pushed for southern anti-lynching laws and tried to register more black voters, but was mostly symbolic and had little real effect
Executive Order 9981
States Rights Democratic Party
Truman was nominated for president in 1948, but Dixiecrats didn’t like his pro civil rights position. This part was created.
Election of 1948
The Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey and the Democrats chose Truman to run because war hero Eisenhower refused. The democrats were split and it seemed as though Dewey would have an easy victory but Truman received critical support from farmers, workers and blacks.
Thomas Dewey
The Republican candidate in 1948 and he seemed destined for a super easy win.
Strom Thurmond
Presidential candidate nominated under the Democratic State’s Rights Party
The Eighteenth Congress
22nd Amendment
1947; placed a limit on presidential terms, 2 terms each lasting 4 years
The Fair Deal
Truman, after winning in 1948, outlined a program that would improve housing, employment, increase minimum wage, support farming spices, created a new TA valley and created an extension of social security. Successes were in raising minimum wage, providing public housing and extending old age insurance.
Korean War
Russian and American forced left the communist North Korea and the democratic South Korea full of weapons. In 1950 the North suddenly attacked the South. General MacArthur landed an amphibious invasion at Inchon and drove the North Koreans back towards China. Chinese volunteers helped the North to push the South Korean back to the 38th parallel.
UN Police Action
When the Soviets were absent from the UN Truman declared North Korea as the aggressor and send UN troops to fight the aggressors.
Douglas MacArthur
Lead American troops in the Korean War and at the stalemate he began to want to use atomic weapons. When Truman said no he began to publicly criticize Truman and was removed under grounds of insubordination.
Korean Stalemate
When Chinese forces pushed MacArthur and the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel.
Move to the Sunbelt
Due to immigration the southern US dramatically increased in population. Immigrants liked that there were more opportunities (ex. Cali Electronic Industries). In addition, federal dollars poured into the Sunbelt and political power grew there as well.
Baby Boom
After WWII, soldiers returned to their girlfriends and had babies which caused a baby boom.
Dr. Spock
Wrote The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care which was very successful due to the baby boom.
Dr. Spock
Wrote The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care which was very successful due to the baby boom.
Jonas Salk
Created the cure for polio.
Computer Technology
The invention of the transistor helped to expand the electronics field. This helped companies like IBM prosper.
Strategic Air Command
An air-fleet of superbombers equipped with city-flattening nuclear bombs. These helped the aerospace industries to progress and created the first passenger jet airplane.
White Collar/Pink Collar
In 1956 the number of white collar workers outnumbered the number of blue collar workers which signified that the industrial era was passing on. Pink collars referred to jobs dominated by women.
Consumerism
Fulton Sheen
Roman Catholic; Used the TW to preach the gospel and encourage religion.
Billy Graham
Baptist; Used the TW to preach the gospel and encourage religion.
American Bandstand
A TV program that popularized rock and roll.
Rock and Roll
heavy beat, rhythms that crossed cultural divides
Allen Freed
Ran a Cleveland radio show; rhythm and blues type music
Elvis Presely
a new singer of rock and roll; shocked traditionalists with his sexuality
Conformity and Consensus/Critics
Election of 1952
The Democratic candidate was Adlai E. Stevenson while the Republicans chose WWII war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon as his VP. Nixon did most of the campaigning because Eisenhower was well liked.
Adlai Stevenson
Democratic candidate in 1952; he was chosen because MacArthur couldn’t be chosen after his fight with Truman
Checkers Speech
Nixon almost got caught with a secret slush fund but to save his political career he delivered this speech. He denied wrongdoing and spoke of his daughter’s dog, Checkers.
Dynamic Conservationism
Eisenhower believed he was fiscally conservative and liberal socially.
Ike and the New Deal
Ike supported New Deal policies such as the Interstate Highway Act, Social Security and Unemployment Insurance.
1954 Mid-Term Elections
Eisenhower lost the Republican Majority.
Interstate Highway Act
Built 42,000 miles of interstate freeway; criticized because it robbed railroads of business and there were air quality and energy consumption problems.
St. Lawrence Seaway
1959; constructed with Canada, it turned the Great Lakes into seaports.
