Unit #9 Flashcards
What is the legacy of WWII?
After the war inflation shot up due to the lack of price controls, sinking of the gross national product and abundance of labor strikes Americans feared another Great Depression. Then, the post war prosperity kicked in due to colossal military projects.
Bretton Woods Agreement
Held in 1944 the Western Allies established the International Monetary Fund, established the World Bank, and created open markets between 44 nations.
World Bank
Created by the Bretton Woods Agreement. The goal was to promote economic growth in war ravaged and underdeveloped areas.
International Monetary Fund
Created by the Bretton Woods Agreement. Encouraged world trade by regulating the currency exchange rates.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
In 1944, this conference created the United Nations. China, the Soviets, the Prime Minister of Britain and the President were at the conference.
United Nations
Opened in 1945, this was formed a Security Council to be headed by 5 permanent powers that have total veto power and an assembly of smaller countries. Their goal is to preserve peace. UNESCO was created underneath the UN.
United Nations
Opened in 1945, this was formed a Security Council to be headed by 5 permanent powers that have total veto power and an assembly of smaller countries. Their goal is to preserve peace. UNESCO was created underneath the UN.
The Nuremberg Trials
From 1945-46 punished 23 culprits of the Holocaust fir crimes against war/humanity and plotting against treaty pledges. Critiques argues that these were judicial lynchings since the victims were tried for offenses that weren’t crimes when the war began.
Baruch Plan
A U.S. Delegate called in 1946 for a UN agency, free from great power veto, that could investigate all nuclear facilities and weapons. The USSR rejected the proposal because they didn’t want to give up veto power.
Occupation of Germany
Germany was divided into four occupational zones controlled by the Allied Powers minus China. Berlin itself was divided into four zones as well.
The Cold War
USA and USSR as the only world superpowers after WWII trouble seemed imminent because the US had waited to recognize the USSR. They were also very advanced and had been isolationist. They found themselves in a political stare-down.
The Cold War
USA and USSR as the only world superpowers after WWII trouble seemed imminent because the US had waited to recognize the USSR. They were also very advanced and had been isolationist. They found themselves in a political stare-down.
The “iron curtain” Speech
In 1945, the PM of Britain, Winston Churchill, delivered a speech for Americans. He stressed the importance of democracy in Russia and the iron curtain referred to the rise of communism.
The “iron curtain” Speech
In 1945, the PM of Britain, Winston Churchill, delivered a speech for Americans. He stressed the importance of democracy in Russia and the iron curtain referred to the rise of communism.
George Kenan
The soviet specialist that crafted the containment policy for Truman.
Containment
A policy that Truman adopted which stated that firm containment of Soviet expansion would halt Communist power.
Truman Doctrine
In 1947, Truman requested, of Congress, $400 million to help Greece and Turkey from falling into communist power. The doctrine stated that the US would aid any power fishing communist aggression.
Reinhold Neibuhr
A liberal, protestant clergyman that supported Truman’s cold war by characterizing it as a battle between good and evil. He stated that it was Christian justice to respond to Hitler and Stalin.
Marshall Plan
The Secretary of State Marshall implemented this recovery effort to have Western Europe up and prosperous in not time. It invited Europeans to created a joint plan (aka European Community). Congress send $12.5 Billion. They place conditions on it for the USSR so they wouldn’t accept. The plan was a success!
Marshall Plan
The Secretary of State Marshall implemented this recovery effort to have Western Europe up and prosperous in not time. It invited Europeans to created a joint plan (aka European Community). Congress send $12.5 Billion. They place conditions on it for the USSR so they wouldn’t accept. The plan was a success!
Coup in Czechslovakia
Soviet-sponsored coup that toppled the government. This caused the Marshall Plan to pass because the Congressman decided that Europeans needed to be able to fight.
National Security Act
In 1947, this act created the Department of Defense which was housed in the Pentagon. The Secretary of Defense was the leader of the secretaries of the army, navy and air force (Joint Chiefs of Staff).
National Security Council
Formed by the National Security Act, this advised the president on security matters.
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency; coordinated the government’s foreign fact-gathering.
“Voice of America”
1948; A radio broadcast that played American propaganda/news behind the iron curtain.
Selective Service System
1948; A military draft. This redefined many young people’s career choices and persuaded them to go to college. A means by which the US maintained information on those potentially subject to military conscription.
Founding of Isreal
1948; The United Nations created the Jewish state of Israel. This was a place for holocaust survivors and this was a preemptive attempt to stop Soviet influence. There was heavy Arab opposition to this and the Arabs controlled oil supplies in the Middle East.
Berlin Airlift
1948; Because the Western nations seemed as though they would not be forcing Germany to pay reparations to the USSR they choked off all air/railway access to Berlin. The Berlin Airlift was organized by the allied to feed the people of Berlin and in 1949 the Soviets stopped the blockade.
Federal Republic of Germany
West Germanic Occupation Zones; Allies minus Russia and China
German Democratic Republic
East Germanic Occupation Zones; Russia
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Declared that an attack on one NATO member would be an attack on all. This was a departure from Am. Diplomatic Convention, a sign of European Unification and a sign of militarization for the cold war.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Declared that an attack on one NATO member would be an attack on all. This was a departure from Am. Diplomatic Convention, a sign of European Unification and a sign of militarization for the cold war.
Warsaw Pact
A response to NATO by Russia. A communist alliance system with Russia and its satellite countries.
Warsaw Pact
A response to NATO by Russia. A communist alliance system with Russia and its satellite countries.
Reconstruction of Japan
General Douglas McArthur headed this operation and tried to stop top Japanese war criminals. He dictated a constitution that was adopted in 1946 and democratized Japan. The Japanese cooperated and this paved the way to economic recovery.
1946 Congressional Election
Taft-Hartley Act
A result of the increase in labor strikes after WWII. Outlawed “closed shops” and made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves and required union leaders to take non-communist oaths.
Operation Dixie
When labor tried to organize in the South and West. The aim was to unionize textile and steel workers but due to fear of racial mixing and the fact that people work in part time jobs and are separated from each other.
Operation Dixie
When labor tried to organize in the South and West. The aim was to unionize textile and steel workers but due to fear of racial mixing and the fact that people work in part time jobs and are separated from each other.
Employment Act
1946; Made it government policy to “promote maximum employment production and purchasing power”. It created the Council of Economic Advisors to provide the president with data to make that policy a reality. It also passed the GI Bill of Rights.
GI Bill of Rights
Allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war. $2 million went to school. This was created out of fear that the industries wouldn’t be able to handle the GIs coming from WWII.
GI Bill of Rights
Allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war. $2 million went to school. This was created out of fear that the industries wouldn’t be able to handle the GIs coming from WWII.
Long Economic Boom
In the late 1940s to the 1960s, the economy began to boom. The middle class more than doubled and some women gave up their former roles as housewives. The prosperity was caused by the war itself because it forced America to produce a lot. But a lot of the prosperity rested on colossal military projects as a result if the Korean war.
Levittowns
The Levitt brothers had created a cheap housing plan that allowed them to create rows of monotonous houses in the projects.
White Flight
As minorities filled the cities the white people left and when to the suburbs. Federal agencies often refused to make loans to black due to the “risk factor” involved with this.
Chinese Civil War
In China communist forces were lead by Mao Zedong to defeat the nationalists lead by Chiang Kai-Shek. Chian Kai-Shek fled to Taiwan (Formosa) in 1949. As China turned communist critics of Truman stated he should have supported the nationalists more but Chiang Kai-Shek never had the support of the people anyway.
People’s Republic of China
The name of China after the communist take over by Mao Zedong.
NSC-68
When North Korea invaded South Korea, Truman sprang to action to quadruple American military spending. He remembered that the League of Nations had been inaffective due to inactivity.
The H-Bomb
The US exploded the hydrogen bomb in 1952 and the Soviets followed suit a year later and this began the arms race of the cold war.
The H-Bomb
The US exploded the hydrogen bomb in 1952 and the Soviets followed suit a year later and this began the arms race of the cold war.
Federal Loyalty Review Board
Due to the anti-red chase, the US formed this board to investigate more that 3 million federal employees. The organizations that were targeted were not given the opportunity to defend for themselves.
The Second Red Scare
Loyalty Review Board, Smith Act of 1940, HUAC, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarren Internal Security Bill, the Rosenbergs
HUAC
Committee on Un-American Activities in 1938; investigated subversion
Smith Act of 1940
The first peacetime anti-sedition law which made it a crime to teach and advocate for overthrowing the government.
Hollywood Blacklist
500 actors, writers and producers that refused to work with HUAC
Alger Hiss
A new dealer prosecuted by Richard Nixon, a member of HUAC. They found falsehoods in his story and convicted him of perjury.
Richard Nixon
A member of HUAC that prosecuted Alger Hiss.
The Rosenbergs
Julius and Ethel were brought to trial, convicted then executed for selling nuclear secrets to the Russians. Their trail was sensationalized because they had two young boys.
McCarren Internal Security Act
Vetoed by Truman, but enacted under the veto; This act would have let the president arrest and detain suspicious people during an international security emergency.
Joseph McCarthy
1950; he charged that there were scores of unknown communists in the State Department. He couldn’t prove it and many Americans felt the red chase had gone to far.
President’s Committee on Civil Rights
Under Truman; Pushed for southern anti-lynching laws and tried to register more black voters, but was mostly symbolic and had little real effect
Executive Order 9981
States Rights Democratic Party
Truman was nominated for president in 1948, but Dixiecrats didn’t like his pro civil rights position. This part was created.
Election of 1948
The Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey and the Democrats chose Truman to run because war hero Eisenhower refused. The democrats were split and it seemed as though Dewey would have an easy victory but Truman received critical support from farmers, workers and blacks.
Thomas Dewey
The Republican candidate in 1948 and he seemed destined for a super easy win.
Strom Thurmond
Presidential candidate nominated under the Democratic State’s Rights Party
The Eighteenth Congress
22nd Amendment
1947; placed a limit on presidential terms, 2 terms each lasting 4 years
The Fair Deal
Truman, after winning in 1948, outlined a program that would improve housing, employment, increase minimum wage, support farming spices, created a new TA valley and created an extension of social security. Successes were in raising minimum wage, providing public housing and extending old age insurance.
Korean War
Russian and American forced left the communist North Korea and the democratic South Korea full of weapons. In 1950 the North suddenly attacked the South. General MacArthur landed an amphibious invasion at Inchon and drove the North Koreans back towards China. Chinese volunteers helped the North to push the South Korean back to the 38th parallel.
UN Police Action
When the Soviets were absent from the UN Truman declared North Korea as the aggressor and send UN troops to fight the aggressors.
Douglas MacArthur
Lead American troops in the Korean War and at the stalemate he began to want to use atomic weapons. When Truman said no he began to publicly criticize Truman and was removed under grounds of insubordination.
Korean Stalemate
When Chinese forces pushed MacArthur and the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel.
Move to the Sunbelt
Due to immigration the southern US dramatically increased in population. Immigrants liked that there were more opportunities (ex. Cali Electronic Industries). In addition, federal dollars poured into the Sunbelt and political power grew there as well.
Baby Boom
After WWII, soldiers returned to their girlfriends and had babies which caused a baby boom.
Dr. Spock
Wrote The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care which was very successful due to the baby boom.
Dr. Spock
Wrote The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care which was very successful due to the baby boom.
Jonas Salk
Created the cure for polio.
Computer Technology
The invention of the transistor helped to expand the electronics field. This helped companies like IBM prosper.
Strategic Air Command
An air-fleet of superbombers equipped with city-flattening nuclear bombs. These helped the aerospace industries to progress and created the first passenger jet airplane.
White Collar/Pink Collar
In 1956 the number of white collar workers outnumbered the number of blue collar workers which signified that the industrial era was passing on. Pink collars referred to jobs dominated by women.
Consumerism
Fulton Sheen
Roman Catholic; Used the TW to preach the gospel and encourage religion.
Billy Graham
Baptist; Used the TW to preach the gospel and encourage religion.
American Bandstand
A TV program that popularized rock and roll.
Rock and Roll
heavy beat, rhythms that crossed cultural divides
Allen Freed
Ran a Cleveland radio show; rhythm and blues type music
Elvis Presely
a new singer of rock and roll; shocked traditionalists with his sexuality
Conformity and Consensus/Critics
Election of 1952
The Democratic candidate was Adlai E. Stevenson while the Republicans chose WWII war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon as his VP. Nixon did most of the campaigning because Eisenhower was well liked.
Adlai Stevenson
Democratic candidate in 1952; he was chosen because MacArthur couldn’t be chosen after his fight with Truman
Checkers Speech
Nixon almost got caught with a secret slush fund but to save his political career he delivered this speech. He denied wrongdoing and spoke of his daughter’s dog, Checkers.
Dynamic Conservationism
Eisenhower believed he was fiscally conservative and liberal socially.
Ike and the New Deal
Ike supported New Deal policies such as the Interstate Highway Act, Social Security and Unemployment Insurance.
1954 Mid-Term Elections
Eisenhower lost the Republican Majority.
Interstate Highway Act
Built 42,000 miles of interstate freeway; criticized because it robbed railroads of business and there were air quality and energy consumption problems.
St. Lawrence Seaway
1959; constructed with Canada, it turned the Great Lakes into seaports.
DMZ
Demilitarized Zone between North Korea and South Korea.
Army McCarthy Hearings
1954; McCarthy attacked the army with communist allegations and he went too far. He was exposed for the liar and drunk that he was.
Sweatt v. Painter
The Supreme Court ruled that separate professional schools for blacks failed to meet the test of equality.
Brown v. Topeka Board of Edication
Reversed the previous ruling of Plessy v Ferguson. Separate but equal facilities were deemed unequal and schools were forced to integrate. The south did not obey.
Emmett Till
A 14 year old boy that was lynched because he allegedly leered at a white woman.
Jackie Robinson
A baseball player that cracked the racial barrier by signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.
Rosa Parks
1955; she refused to give up her bus seat in the whites only section
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Black people refused to the ride the buses until they were integrated. The buses lost a lot of money and were finally integrated.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A pacifist leader and preacher who believed in nonviolent protests so that the public would know the discrimination blacks felt.
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights and authorize injunctions to protect voting rights.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
MLK aimed to mobilize the power of black churches on behalf of black rights.
Little Rock Nine
Eisenhower complained about the Supreme Court decision to integrate but when the National Guard prevented 9 black kids from attending school Ike sent federal troops to protect them.
Greensboro Sit-Ins
1960; black college students demanded service at a whites-only lunch counter
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
A group formed by souther black students that gave more focus to the civil rights efforts. They lost patience with nonviolence.
“New Look” Foreign Policy
Eisenhower had the idea of Massive Retaliation.
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State who stated that the policy of containment was not enough and that the US should push back communism and liberate the people under it.
Brinkmanship
The act of pushing a situation to the verge of war to encourage the opponent to backdown.
Massive Retaliation
Built up our forces in the sky to scare the energy. Creation of Strategic Air Command.
Massive Retaliation
Built up our forces in the sky to scare the energy. Creation of Strategic Air Command.
Nikita Krushev
The new Soviet Premier; he rejected peace proposals such as the one for open skies by Ike
Domino Theory
The idea that is Vietnam becomes communist then the domino effect will caused communism in the US.
Geneva Accords
1954; Peace agreement that divided Vietnam into the Communist North and the Non Communist South until unification in 1956
Ho Chi Minh
Leader of North Vietnam; was first encouraging of Woodrow Wilson to get the French out but he became more communist so we didn’t support him
Vietminh
The guerilla forces of North Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem
Leader of South Vietnam; he was democratic so we supported him but he was a cruel leader and did not have the support of the people
SEATO
Southeast Asian Treaty Organization; emmulated NATIO after the French left
Spirit of Geneva
1955; First sign of thawing cold war because the Soviets were cooperative to a call for reduction of arms by Eisenhower
Allen Dulles/CIA
Allen Dulles was the director of the CIA when they engineered a coup in Iran to install a pro-western shah.
Coup in Iran
Engineered by our CIA to protect oil supplies in the Middle East by placing a pro-western Shah as ruler. This angered the Arabs.
Soviet Invasion of Hungary
1956; The Hungarians revolted against the USSR and the Soviets crushed them with bloodshed. The US allowed more Hungarians to enter America as immigrants.
Suez Crisis
The President of Egypt wanted money to build a dam and talked to both the Soviets and the US/Britain for money. The CIA found out and the US withdrew their money. Suddenly Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt thinking the US would supply the needed oil but Ike did not and the Attackers withdrew. This would be the last time the US could use the “oil weapon”.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
President of Egypt during the Suez Crisis.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Policy approved by congress for US military and economic aid to middle eastern nations threatened by communist aggression.
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela
Election of 1956
Eisenhower ran against as the Republican candidate and Stevenson ran against him. The Democrats assaulted Ike’s health while the GOP called itself the “party of peace”. Ike won by a landslide.
Sputnik
1957; launched by the Russian this proved the Soviet superiority in the sciences
ICBMs
Intercontiental Ballistic Missiles; the US was scared after Sputnik that the Soviets would attack them with these
National Defense Education Act
$887 Million in loans to college students and grants for improvement of schools. Sparked by the idea that the Soviets were ahead of use in education.
NASA
National Aeronautic and Space Administration - 1958; sparked by Sputnik to get US back in running with the Soviets in space race
U-2 Incident
Khrushchev had visited America and spoke is disarmament and stopped evacuation of Berlin. Then, he found out that the US spy plane had been shot down in Soviet Territory and tensions tightened again.
US Troops in Lebanon
Thermonuclear suicide seemed imminent when Egyptian and Communist plotting threatened to engulf western-oriented Lebanon. The Us invaded and restored order with out taking a single life.
Coup in Guatemala
CIA coup that ousted a liberal government.
Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro overthrew the US-supported Batista and denounced Yankee imperialists. He began to take US property for a distribution program and when the US cut off Cuban sugar imports, Castro confiscated more property. Then, after the US broke diplomatic ties with Cuba the USSR threatened to launch missiles at the US if it attacked Cuba.
1958 Midterm Elections
The republican party lost seats because of the recession and Eisenhower’s right to work caused labor unions to choose democrats.
Election of 1960
The Republican candidate was Richard Nixon and the Democrats chose John F. Kennedy with Lyndon B Johnson as his running mate. Kennedy was attacked because he was a Catholic presidential candidate but won because televised debates depicted JFK as more charismatic.
John F Kennedy
Democratic candidate of 1960; criticized for being Catholic but help up in televised debates against Nixon
Lyndon Johnson
VP of Kennedy in 1960; Democratic
Joseph Heller
Wrote Catch-22
Kurt Vonnegut
Wrote Slaughter-House Five; satarizing the suffering of war
John Updike
Wrote Rabbit as well as Run and Couples; explored problems created by American affluence and mobility
Tennessee Williams
Wrote A Streetcar Named Desire as well as Cart on a Hot Tin Roof which searched for American values
Arthur Miller
Death of Salesman as well as The Crucible; searched for American Values
Lorrain Hansberry
A Raisin in the Sun; portrayed African American life
Ralph Ellison
Invisible Man; explored a black man’s identity
William Faulkner
The Sound and the Fury as well as Light in August; Southern literary artists
JD Salinger
Catcher in the Rye; Jewish author
JD Salinger
Catcher in the Rye; Jewish author
Kennedy’s Inaugural Address
“Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country”
Robert Kennedy
Named Attorney General under Kennedy; tried to recast priorities of the FBI and was the brain behind Kennedy’s Civil Rights
Robert McNamara
A business whiz that left Ford for Kennedy; took over the Department of the Defense
The New Frontier
Kennedy’s campaign to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation. Conservatives killed many of his ideas and big business attacked the New Frontier.
Peace Corps
An army of idealist and youthful volunteers that brought American skills to underdeveloped countries. Created under Kennedy/
Kennedy Tax Cuts
Chose to stimulate the economy through price cutting.
Space Program
Kennedy wanted to land Americans on the moon and 24 billion dollars went into this. Americans were apathetic.
Freedom Riders
(1961) organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement
James Meredith
First black student admitted to the University of Mississippi, shot during a civil rights march in 1966
Birmingham Church Bombing
In September 1963, this was the bombing of a black church that killed four African-American children.
The Common Market
Meant to keep trade barrier and tariffs low in Europe. This helped to ease trade between Europe and the US. This would later become the European Union.
Trade Expansion Act
Authorized tariff cuts up to 50% to promote trade with Common Market countries.
Laotian Civil War
Laos we freed by the French in 1954 and was then threatened by communism. Peace was imposed through the Geneva Conference and Kennedy wanted to send troops but didn’t have enough to put in Asia and still honor commitments with Europe.
Flexible Response
Created by Defense Secretary McNamara; an array of military option that would match the gravity of whatever crisis comes at hand
Special Forces
A group of the military that was trained to survive on snake meat and kill with scientific finese.
JFK in Vietnam
The shaky Diem government was backed by the US but it was threatened by the communist Viet Cong movement lead by Ho Chi Minh. JFK sent more and more troops to Vietnam but the fought and died.
Modernization Theory
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations.
Alliance for Progress
Aimed to close the rich-poor gap in Latin America and thus stem communism. Too little too late though.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
US aided invasion of Cuba by rebels but it failed because Kennedy did not bring air support. This pushed Castro closer to communism.
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain.
Cuban Missile Crisis
US Spy planes saw missile installation by USSR in Cuba aimed at America. Khrushchev backed off and looked indecisive.
Aftermath of Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Soviets agreed to remove their missiles if the US never invaded Cuba again. The US removed their own missiles aimed at Russia in Turkey. Khrushchev looked weak so he lost power soon after.
Hot Line
A direct phone call line between Washington DC and Moscow in case of any crisis.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement
JFK’s Assassination
While riding down a street JFK was shot and killed.
Medger Evers
Killed on the night of the March on Washington.
James Meredith
Tried to enroll at the University of Mississippi but he white students wouldn’t let him in so Kennedy had to send 400 federal Marshals and 3000 troops to ensure he could enroll in his first class.
Birmingham Church Bombing
After the March on Washington, a bomb in a church killed 4 black girls.
JFK’s Assassination
While riding down a street JFK was shot and killed.
JFK’s Assassination
While riding down a street JFK was shot and killed.
Warren Commission
A commission after JFK’s death b LBJ to investigate if someone had paid for the assassination.
Lyndon Johnson
He was a former senator that could manipulate congress very well. FDR was his idol.
The Johnson Treatment
LBJ’s In-Your-Face treatment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned all racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public such as theaters, hospitals and restaurants. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission against discriminatory hiring.
The War on Poverty
Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.
The Other America
Written by Micheal Harrington this revealed that over 20% of Americans suffered in poverty.
The Great Society
LBJ’s democratic reform program. Included measures such has medicare, civil rights legislation and federal aid to education.
Economic Opportunity Act
established an Office of Economic Opportunity to provide young Americans with job training (the Job Corps) and created a volunteer network devoted to social work and edu in impoverished areas. it also set up community action programs to give the poor a voice in defining local housing, health and educational policies. Done as a part of LBJ’s Great Society
Election of 1964
The Republican candidate was Barry Goldwater and he attacked the federal income tax, the Social Security System, the TVA, civil rights legislation, nuclear test-ban treaty and the Great Society. The Democratic candidate was Lyndon B. Johnson and he won in a large landslide.
Barry Goldwater
The Republican candidate in the 1964 Election. He lost.
DOT and HUD
Department of Transportation and Department of Housing and Urban Development.
NEA, NEH
National Endowment for the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Extended educational aid to private and parochial schools while basing the aid given on students’ economic conditions, rather than the schools themselves. It was meant to improve the education of poor people and was the first federal program to fund education.
Medicare/Medicaid
Gave rights to the elderly and needy in terms of medicine and health maintenance.
Immigration Act of 1965
Abolished the national origin quota and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the US annually.
24th Amendment
Eliminated poll taxes
Mississippi Freedom Summer
Both black and white students joined to combat discrimination and racism.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
An integrated part that was denied its seat.
Selma Campaign
1965; MLK resumed a voter-registration campaign
Voting Rights act of 1965
attacked racial discrimination at the polls by outlawing literacy testa and sending voting registers to the polls
Watts Riots
Violent black protests in LA, they were inspired by Malcom X
Stokely Carmicheal
Lead the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and urged abandonment of peaceful demonstrations.
Malcom X
Inspired by the Nation of Islam; Killed by an assassin 1965; enraged by police brutality and attacked blacks as well as whites
Black Panthers
Openly brandished weapons in California. Preached Black Power that would smash everything western civilization had created.
Summer of ‘67 Riots
In New Jersey 25 died in Detroit, Michigan and 47 people died in LA. Whites were nervous about blacks seeking more rights.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Johnson used an incident in the Gulf where Vietnamese ships allegedly fired on US ships to get this resolution that gave him a blank check on wha he could do in affairs in Vietnam.
Operation Rolling Thunder
Regular full scale bombing attacks
Escalation
LBJ believed step-by-step increase of American forces would cause defeat with minimum losses on both sides but the enemy matched us with more willing men.
The Six Day War
Israel stunned the world by defeating Egypt and gaining new territory in the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strop, Jerusalem etc.
Yasir Arafat/PLO
Palestine were led by Yasir Arafat who was [art of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
Fulbright Hearing
Lead opposition to the Vietnam War and the Draft in congress. It was in a Senate Committee of Foreign Relations headed by Senator William Fulbright.
Robert McNamara
Defense Secretary who eased our of cabinet due to the debates over whether the war in Vietnam was just.
General William Westmoreland
American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968
Search and Destroy Missions
This was the name of the strategy the US used in the first half of the war. It simply meant that US forces went into the jungle to search and find the enemy and then destroy them. The problem was that the enemy was very elusive and often simply retreated into Cambodia or Laos where US army elements were not allowed to go (except for one excursion in 1970).
The Tet Offensive
North Vietnam had almost taken over Saigon in a blistering attack.
Eugene McCarthy
Challenged Eugene McCarthy for the Democratic Ticket
Clean for Gene
College student in support of Eugene McCarthy shaved for him
1968 Democratic Primaries
Robert Kennedy was shot; the ticket went to Humphrey
LBJ Abdication
Returned home and died there. He committed to Vietnam with noble intentions.
Assassination of MLK and RFK
Robert Kennedy was killed by Arab for his pro-Isreali views. MLK was killed. Both in 1968.
Election of 1968
The Republican candidate Richard Nixon with third party candidate George C. Wallace and Democratic Candidate Humphrey.
Spiro Agnew
1968 VP candidate for the Republicans
George Wallace
a segregationist that wanted to bomb the Vietnamese to death - third party candidate in 1968
The Beats
Voices of disillusionment and skepticism about authority
Free Speech Movement
1964: At Berkeley this began; kids tried drugs, sis their ocean thing and rejected patriotism
The Counterculture
Opposed American Ways; What we think of as Hippies
Sexual Revolution
Birth control pulls and Mattachine society created
Stonewall Inn
Energized gay and lesbian military attacks; gay men were attacked by off duty cops
Students For a Democratic Society
Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.
The Weatherman
Underground terrorist group that was spawned from the SDS
Nixon and Vietnam
Nixon appealed to those who supported the war without noise. The war was fought by generally lesser-privileged Americans. He had the Vietnamization idea.
Vietnamization
American troops would slowly withdraw from Vietnam and the war would be turned back to the Vietnamese.
Bombing/Invasion of Cambodia
North Vietnam had been using Cambodia as a springboard for funneling troops and arms along the Ho Chi Minh Trail and Nixon ordered US troops to invade to stop this.
Pentagon Papers
exposed the deceit used by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations regarding Vietnam and people spoke of the credibility gap
End of War
Nixon decided to bomb Vietnam to the peace table; Nixon went on a bombing rampage that eventually drove the North Vietnamese to the bargaining table to agree on a cease fire
Henry Kissinger
National Security Advisor who went to China to establish better relations.
realpolitick
politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
Nixon Doctrine
The US would supply the Vietnamese with arms and money but not troops.
War Powers Act
required the president to repot all commitment of US troops to congress within 48 hours and setting a 60 limit on those activities
