Unit #3 Flashcards
XYZ Affair
John Adam’s sent three envoys to France where they were approached by 3 no names that asked the US for million to talk to PM Talleyrand.
Quasi War
Undeclared war between US and France which was confined to seas. American ships captured over 80 armed French ships and ranged for 2.5 years.
Convention of 1800
Three American envoys were met by Napoleon who wanted to work with the US. A treaty ended the 1778 alliance in return for Americans paying the claims of its shippers as alimony. John Adams did the right thing but lost his popularity.
Alien and Sedition Acts
The Federalists raised the residence requirements for aliens who wanted to become citizens from 5 to 14 years. This let the prescient deport dangerous aline during peace time and jailed them during time of war. The sedition acts provided that anyone who impeded policies of government of falsely defamed it officials were liable to fines/imprisonment.
VA and KY Resolutions
Jefferson wrote legislation in Kentucky and Madison in Virginia that were against the Alien and Sedition laws. They stressed the compact theory.
Compact Theory
It stated that the since the states made the federal government they had the right to nullify federal laws.
Election of 1800
The Federalists were damaged by the Alien and Sedition acts as well as John Adams bit declaring war against France. Thomas Jefferson won the election but on a technicality Burr and Jefferson tied the House was persuaded by Hamilton to vote for Jefferson.
Revolution of 1800
The peaceful transfer of power and the Republicans were more of the people’s party.
12th Amendment
Provided for the election for the VP and President by the electoral college if there is no majority for one president; the House of Representatives chooses the president and the Senate the VP.
Jeffersonian Democracy
He had a very narrow view of the constitution. They opposed aristocracy of any kind, opposed corruption and wanted equal rights for all citizens.
Albert Gallatin
Secretary of the Treasury; under Jefferson he reduced the national debt substantially while balancing the budget. They were still “funding at par”.
Judiciary Act of 1801
Adams appointed 16 judicial officers on the last days of their congressional denomination to prolong their legacy. Jefferson immediately repealed this new legislation.
John Marshall
Cousin of Jefferson; served at Valley Forge and impressed with the draw back of no central authority. Thus, he was a federalist.
Marbury vs Madison
1789; Marbury was one of the judges Adams had appointed and he was denied his seat by James Madison. This case created Judicial review.
Judicial Review
The Marbury vs Madison case suggesting the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws.
Chase Impeachment
1804: Jefferson tried to impeach the justice Samuel Chase and when the vote got to the Senate, not enough votes were mustered. To this day, no attempt to alter the Supreme Court has ever been tried through impeachment.
Tripolitan War
North African Barbary pirates looted US ships and declared war by cutting the American flag. Jefferson was non-interventionist and extorted the pirates for peace for $60,000.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Leader of Haitian rebellion which was unsuccessful but killed a lot of French due to yellow fever.
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon induced Spain to cede this land to France. Then, because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain he decided to sell Louisiana. In 1803 this was finalized but Jefferson had no idea how to handle it because there were no directions in the constitution. This was a great bargain and both parties were on board with it. Precedent: acquire new territory through purchase and that new land would be equal membership.
Jefferson’s Empire of Liberty
Identified American’s responsibility to spread Freedom across the globe.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Along with Sacajawea, they explored the Louisiana territory.
Zebulon Pike
Explorer that traveled to headwaters of Mississippi River and to the southern portion of the Louisiana, Spanish land in SW, and wighted Pike’s Peak.
Aaron Burr (Burr Conspiracies)
Federalists schemed with Aaron Burr to make New England and New York secede from the union; in the process Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in a duel.
Orders in Council
1806: Launched by London it closed ports under French continental control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first.
Impressment
Illegal seizure of men and forcing them to serve on ships; Britain and France were both doing this.
Chesapeake Incident
British captain ordered the seizure of 4 alleged deserters on the Chesapeake, a US frigate. In an incident in which England was clearly wrong, Jefferson clung to peace.
Embargo Act of 1807
Forbade the export of any good from the US to any foreign nation, regardless of whether they were transported in American or foreign ships. It hurt the same New England merchants it was trying to protect and it harmed us more than France/Britain. Also, was not enacted long enough to achieve success.
Election of 1808
Alexander Hamilton versus James Madison. The embargo allowed the Federalist party to gain some of its lost power but Madison of the D-R party still won.
Non-Intercourse Act
1809: Reopened trade with all nations of the world except France and England. It didn’t really change things because the number 1 and 2 trade partners were Britain and France.
Macon’s Bill #2
Congress adopted a bargaining measure which permitted American trade with all the world and also promised American restoration of trade to France or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions.
Cadore Letter
A response to Macon’s Bill #2 by France. Napoleon announced French commercial restriction had been lifter and Madison, desperate for recognition of the law, declared France available for American trade.
War Hawks
Western politicians that cried out against the Indian threat on the frontier.
Tecumseh
Infuriated by Treaty of Fort Wayne: One of two Shawnee brothers that gathered followers urging them to give up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments and urged Indians not to acknowledge the white man’s ownership of the land.
Treaty of Fort Wayne
Forced Indians to cede land in Indiana along the Wabash for 2 cents/acre.
William Henry Herrison / Battle of Tippecanoe
An american general that advanced upon Tecumseh’s headquarters in Tippecanoe and killed the prophet then burned the camp to the ground. He then killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames and the Indian Confederacy dream perished.
Battle of Horsehoe Bend
Andrew Jackson crushed the Creek Indians; effectively breaking the Indian rebellion and leaving the entire area east of the Mississippi open for safe settlement.
War of 1812
Declared because the War Hawks wanted to get rid of the Indians by wiping out their base in Canada. Also, British impressment stood out and France was allied more with Republicans. New England and Federalists were against the war and the West/South were generally for the war. Disunited America still had to fight.
Treaty of Ghent
The British made sweeping demands for land and John Quincy Adams refused, then as American wins began to pile up Britain reconsidered. This was an armistice acknowledging a draw in the war and the main issue of impressment were left unmentioned. Each side simply stopped fighting.
Hartford Convention
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont and Rhode Island met to seek a separate peace treaty with Britain. Few talked about succession and most wanted financial assistance from Washington and an amendment requiring 2/3 majority for embargoes except during invasion. It was the death of the Federalist party.
Rush Bagot Amendment
Between the US and Britain; this created the longest fortified boundary between US and Canada.
2nd Bank of the US
1826: Madison of the D-R party went against part beliefs and supported its creation. It quickly established branches throughout the union.
Tariff of 1816
After the war, British competitors dumped their goods into America at cheap prices. The first tariff in US history designed for protection. It put 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports.
Henry Clay
1824 established the American System
The American System
Began a system with a strong baking system. It advocated a protective tariff behind which manufacturing would flourish. It included a network of roads and canals funded by the tariff to get material from the South and West to the North and East. Lack of efficient transportation was a problem of the War of 1812.
The National Road
The Cumberland Road: Begun in 1811 and ran from western Maryland to Illinois.
Erie Canal
1817-1825: Built in NY for trade.
Election of 1816 - Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe defeated his Federalist opponent, Rufus King. He ushered in a period of one party rule or the “Era of Good Feelings”.
Panic of 1819
Over-speculation of land prices caused deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment and overcrowded debtors prisons. The Bank of the US was soon blamed and it fell heavily into debt.
Ohio/Alabama Fever
Explosive expansion of the Indian menace and the need for lang by tobacco farmers who exhausted their lands.
Land Act of 1820
Gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the west then got cheap transportation.
Wildcat Banks
Banks that bought land they thought would cost more later; greatly affected by the Panic of 1819.
Tallmadge Amendment
Missouri was the first state in the Louisiana Purchase and it wanted to be a slave state but there was a balance between slave and non-slave states at the time. Stated that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and that children born to slave parents be gradually emancipated. This was shot down in the senate.
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay created this. It stated that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state thus maintaining the balance.
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819: Maryland tried to destroy the Bank of the US by taxing its currency notes. Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied Maryland’s right to tax the banks and gave doctrine to the elastic clause as its basis. It strengthened the federal government.
Cohens v. Virginia
1821: The Cohens had been found guilty by Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets but appealed to the Supreme Court and lost. Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government.
Gibbons v. Ogden
1824: When NY tried to grant a monopoly of waterborne commerce, Marshall struck down by saying only Congress can control interstate commerce, not the states.
Fletcher v. Peck
1810: After GA fraudulently granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country to privateers, the legislature repealed it after public outcry. Marshall ruled that it was a contract and states couldn’t impair a contract.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1819: Dartmouth had been granted a charter by King George III, but New Hampshire tried to change it. Dartmouth appealed using an alumni as a lawyer, Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand. It was a contract and the constitution protected those and overrule state rulings.
British American Convention
1818: Gave America fishing rights in Newfoundland, fixed boundaries between Canada and opened the Oregon territory.
Adams-Onis Treaty
1819: Spain ceded Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. The US paid $5 Million for Florida.
The Monroe Doctrine
1823: (aimed at Russia) Monroe stated that no colonization in the Americas could happen anymore and that European nations could not intervene in Latin American affairs. This was a response to the British foreign secretary approaching the American minister proposing the US should combine and renounce interest in Latin America and keep out of their policies.
Russo-American Treaty
1824: This treaty between Russia and america set the southern borders of Russian holdings in america at the line of 54 degrees- 40’, the southern tip of Alaska.
