Unit #8 Flashcards
Election of 1928
Calvin Coolidge decided not to run for a second term. Herbert Hoover became the Republican nominee and Alfred E. Smith was the democratic candidate. Herbert Hoover won in a landslide.
Herbert Hoover as the 1928 Republican Candidate
Hoover used to be the secretary of commerce so the “Coolidge Prosperity” was associated with him as well. His personality sparkled on the new found radio. He had never been elected into public office before but he won.
Alfred E. Smith at the 1928 Democratic Candidate
Smith’s campaign was affected by scandal because he drank during the prohibition era and was a Roman Catholic. This caused dry, rural, fundamentalist democrats to disapprove. Smith had been in elected positions before but he sounded odd on radio.
“Black Tuesday” A.K.A The Stock Market Crash
A devastating stock market crash caused by over-speculation and overly high stock prices built on non-existent credit.
Overproduction/Underconsumtion
The Great Depression might have been caused by an overabundance of farm and factory products. The nation’s capacity to consume goods was outrun by the capacity to produce goods.
Over-Speculation
A cause of the stock market crash - “Black Tuesday”.
Monetarist School
Economic thought that money supply is the main determinant of the current dollar GDP in the long run and the price level over longer periods.
Buying on Margin
Allowed people to borrow most of the cost of stock making very low down payments.
Normal Business Cycle
A peak in the level of output is followed by a recession phase then a recovery phase that leads to another peak. This cycle is steadily growing.
Rugged Individualism
Hoover spoked of this view that America was made great by strong, self-sufficient individuals because he was a self-made millionaire.
Hoover’s Response to the Depression
Hoover believed the Great Depression was part of the normal business cycle at first. He believed in laissez faire business and didn’t want government interference in the economy.
Agricultural Marketing Act
An act passed by Hoover designed to help farmers help themselves through producers cooperatives. It set up the Federal Farm Board.
Federal Farm Board
Created by Hoover’s Agricultural Marketing Act. This board bolstered sagging prices of corn and grain by buying surpluses.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Tariff (tax on imports) that was an unbelievable 60%. Widened trade gaps, worsened the depression and foreigners hated the tariff because it ended a promising worldwide trend to reasonable tariffs.
Hoover Dam
On the Colorado River. This was a public works project that Hoover invested in in order to enforce his “trickle down” policy. Hoover vetoes this because the government would be deciding how the electricity would be appropriated (government interference).
Muscle Shoals Bill
Designed to the dam the Tennessee River. Embraced by the Tennessee Valley Authority. It was vetoed by Hoover.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
A government lending bank. HUGE step for Hoover because it went against the laissez faire policies. Giant corporations ended up benefiting from this because no loans were given to individuals.
1930 Mid-Term Elections
The Republican majority and the Democrats took control of the House and almost took the Senate.
The Bonus Army
Veterans who had not been been paid for WWI marched to Washington and demanded their bonuses. They erected shacks and when troops came to intervene, after Congress failed to pass the bonus bill, riots broke out/ Hoover falsely stated communists were at the riot to justify his excessive use of force against veterans.
Franklin Roosevelt
Democrat candidate in 1932. A cousin of Theodore Roosevelt who was disabled. FDR was suave and conciliatory where TR was confrontational.
Eleanor Roosevelt
The most active first lady ever. Known as the “Conscious of the New Deal”. She had a newspaper column, influential policies and lobbied for her husband.
Democrat Platform 1932
Promised repeal of prohibition, a balanced budget and sweeping economic reforms. They made sure to call the Great Depression the Hoover Depression. FDR attacked Hoover’s spending.
The New Deal
FDR promised a vague and contradictory deal for the “forgotten man”.
The Braintrust
Academic advisors that helped FDR during his campaign. His speeches were ghost written by these people and they created an economic plan that would be the backbone for the New Deal.
Election of 1932
The Republican candidate was Herbert C. Hoover while the Democratic candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Hoover’s nomination was half hearted and he pointed out that his policies made the depression better than it could be. A landslide victory for FDR. The black voted switched from the Republican to the Democratic party.
Lame Duck Period
The period of time when the old president leaves office and new president gets in. Notably, during Hoover and FDR’s lame duck period Hoover tried to initiate some of FDR’s plans but FDR would not cooperate.
The Bank Crisis
After the stock market crash, customers wanted to take out all of their money at once which caused the banks to fail.
FDR’s First Inaugural Address
FDR asserted, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” He promised that the government would wage war on the depression.
Bank Holiday
During FDR’s “Hundred Days” this holiday was created to eliminate paranoid bank withdrawals.
The Hundred Days
The first 100 days of FDR’s administration there was a ton of legislative activity.
Relief, Recovery, Reform
The basis for FDR’s legislation.
Emergency Banking Relief Act
The first legislative act to be passed. This declared a one week “bank holiday”.
Fireside Chats
FDR’s radio broadcasts with the American people. They gave assurance and tried to get people to trust the banks.
“Managed Currency”
FDR canceling the gold-payment clause on all contracts authorized repayment in paper currency. The goal was to inflate the economy and therefore relieve debtors; burdens and stimulate new production.
20th Admendment
Cut the lame duck period down to 6 weeks so FDR began his second term on January 20, 1937 instead of Marsh 4th.
21st Admendment
Repealed prohibition.
The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
Passed during the “hundred days”. It provided the FDIC which insured individual deposits up to $5000 thereby eliminating bank failure and restoring faith to banks.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Created by the Glass-Steagall Act. Insured money for the banks.
Civilan Conservation Corps
Created by FDR to assist in unemployment. Provided employment in government camps for 3 million uniformed young men. The men were required to sent most of their earning to their parents. They reforested areas, fought floods etc. FDR was criticized for militarizing the youths/acting as dictator.
Home Owners Loan Cooperation
Refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes and bottled down the loyalties of the middle class to the democratic party creating democratic homeowners.
Farm Credit Administration
Created low-interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures on the property of indebted farmers.
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Looking for immediate relief rather than long-term alleviation this granted 3 billion states for direct dole payment or waged on work projects. Created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Harry L. Hopkins
Head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and The Civil Works Administration.
Tennessee Valley Authority
Combined advantages of employment with reforming the power company. It sought to discover exactly how much money it took to produce electricity and then keep rates reasonable. It constructed dams on the Tennessee River.
Public Works Administration
Focusing on long range recovery and intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Spent of $4 billion on public works projects.
Harold Ickes
Secretary of the Interior and head of the Public Works Administration.
Federal Securities Act
Required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds.
Securities and Exchange Commission
Designed as a stock watchdog administrative agency and stock market. Stock markets would henceforth operate more as trading marts than casinos.
Civil Works Administration
It was designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency.
American Liberty League
Formed by conservative Democrats and wealthy Republicans to fight “socialistic” New Deal Schemes.
Charles Coughlin
A Catholic priest in Michigan who at first was with FDR then disliked the New Deal and voiced his opinions on radio. His sermons became fascist, demagogic and anti-semantic do he was silenced.
Huey Long
Senator of Louisiana, popular for his “share the wealth program” where he proposed, with no financial basis, that each family should receive $5,000 from the rich.
Dr. Francis Townsend
Gained support of senior citizens with his plan that each senior receive $200 a month and have to spend it within that month. Mathematically silly.
Francis Perkins
First female cabinet member under FDR.
Mary McLeod Bethune
Headed the Office of Minority Affairs, the “black cabinet” and founded a Florida College.
Margaret Mead
Advanced ideas about gender roles, sex and interracial relationships. She was a celebrity.
National Industry Recovery Act
Authorized POTUS to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery and established a national public works program.
Schecter vs US
Declared the National Recovery Act because it have legislative power to the chief executive. Declared congressional control of interstate commerce and couldn’t apply to a local business like that of schecters.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Made millions of dollars available to help farmers meet their mortgages. In 1938, after Butler vs. US this had continued payments for conservation tactics but was accepted by the Supreme Court.
Butler vs US
Declared regulatory taxation provisions unconstitutional. Killed the Agricultural Adjustment Administration which paid farmers to reduce crop acreages etc.
The Dust Bowl
A combination of poor farming techniques and the drought caused furious winds to whip dust into the air.
Resettlement Administration
Charged by FDR with the task of removing near farm-less farmers to better land.
Federal Housing Administration
To speed recovery and better homes, this stimulated the building industry through small loans to householders.
Indian Reorganization Act
In order to reverse the assimilation that was forced on Native Americans during the Dawes Act, this encourages tribes to preserve their culture and traditions.
John Collier
Commissioner of Indian Affairs who sought to reverse forced-assimilation policies.
The Second New Deal
1935-38; in response to critics of the 1st New Deal (particularly Huey Long and the more radical critics); contained more relief programs and greater protection for labor unions (this was radical for the 1920s anti-union atmosphere); the most extensive of the reform programs that emerged was social security
Social Security Act
1935: Created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, physically handicapped, delinquent children and other dependents by taxing employees and employers.
Farm Security Administration
1937: Granted loans to small farmers and tenants for rehabilitation and purchase of small-sized farms; Congress slashed its appropriations during World War II when many poor farmers entered the armed forces or migrated to urban areas
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Substitute for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration; comprehensive and continued conservation payments for farmers but ended the administrations’ s payments for farmers to reduce their crop acreage
Works Progress Administration
1935: Put 11 million on thousands of public buildings, bridges, and hard-surfaced roads and gave 9 million people jobs in its 8 years
Federal Writers/Theatre/Art Projects
The WPA found jobs for actors, musicians and writers.
National Labor Relations Act
After walkouts spiked after axing the NRA, this act guaranteed their rights of unions to organize and to bargain with management.
NLRB
Created by NLRA; unskilled laborer began to organize themselves into effective unions
John Lewis
Boss of the United Mine Workers; formed the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AF of L
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Won a victory against General Motors. Name of CLO after removing themselves from AF of L.
Walter Reuther
UAW official, autoworker, and labor activist was beaten viciously by a group of thugs organized by Ford and Bennett, who hated unions. mapped a campaign to unionize GM, where hostility to organized labor ran deep.
“Sit Down” Strikes
CLO refused to leave automobile factories at general motors and after negotiations the CLO recognized the CLO ad the sole bargaining agency for their employers
Memorial Day Massacre
At the Republic Steel Company of South Chicago, the police fired upon workers leaving them injured or killed.
Women’s Emergency Brigade
Millitant expression of the uNited Auto workers Women’s Auxiliary Movement; 24 hour alert for picket duty, played a crucial role in the UAW members that seized control of the plant that produced General Motor Engines
United Automobile Workers
During the sit-down strikes, they employed the tactic of the sit-down rather than leave the plant, workers halted production but remained inside.
Fair Labor Standards Act
1938: Set up minimum wage and maximum hours standards as well as forbidding children under 16 from working.
The Election of 1936
FDR ran against as the Democratic candidate while Alfred M. FDR appealed to the forgotten man and won.
Alf Langdon
Landon ran as the Republican candidate. Landon was weak on the radio and he favored too much of the New Deal programs to criticize FDR on spending.
The Democratic Coalition
Alignment of interest groups and voting bloc that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 to 1968. It made the Democratic party huge during this period.
FDR’s Second Inaugural Address
Promised to continue New Deal reforms
Supreme Court Reform Plan
FDR proposed the for every member over 70 he should be able to add a member for a maximum of 15 members.
Constitutional Revolution of 1937
Courts shifted from exercising judicial review of legislative act to one that focused on protecting civil liberties.
Hugo Black
New Dealer placed into Supreme Court after one justice retired after the Supreme Court Reform Plan
Felix Frankfurter
Supreme Court Justice who believed due process clause should not be decided on a case by case basis, he argue for judicial restraint.
The Roosevelt Recession
Government policies caused the economy to take a downturn.
John Maynard Keynes
Father of Keynesian economics which stimulated the economy with deficit spending
The Hatch Act
Barred Federal Adminstrative Officials from active political campaigning and soliciting
1938 Mid-Term Elections
Republicans for the first time cut into the New Deal congressional majorities but did not get a majority
Impact of the New Deal on Women and Minorities
WPA helped African Americans while the CC and the FHA discriminated against them. Eleanor Roosevelt helped to gain womens’ rights although women’s minimum wage was lowered.
The Black Cabinet
Roosevelt appointed a number of blacks to significant second level positions in his administration, creating an informal network of officeholders that became known as this.
Marian Anderson
Roosevelt appointed a number of blacks to significant second level positions in his administration, creating an informal network of officeholders that became known as this
The Scottsboro Boys
in 1931 authorities arrested 9 black teenagers and charged them with raping two white women on a train bound for Scottsboro; twelve days after their arrest, an all- white jury sentenced them to the electric chair
Mexican American Repatriation
a forced migration that took place between 1929 and 1939, when as many as one million people of Mexican descent were forced or pressured to leave the US
Social Realism vs. Escapism
social realism depicts social and racial injustice, economic hardship, through unvarnished pictures of life’s struggles; often depicting working class activities as heroic. The movement is a style of painting in which the scenes depicted typically convey a message of social or political protest edged with satire. escapism had an element of emancipation in its attempt to figure a different reality
John Dos Passos
a novelist who wrote of WWI and its impacts on art and civilization. He was a conservative, pessimistic and had disillusion to post-war urban America, suggested us split to two nations one rich, one poor, considered to be part of the Lost Generation and wrote “Three Soldiers” and “Manhattan Transfer”. He disliked FDR.
John Steinbeck
United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers, poverty and misfortune are key themes
Richard Wright
United States writer whose work is concerned with the oppression of African Americans (1908-1960)
William Faulkner
An author in the 1930s who wrote about the history of lthe deep south, he told the story in an imaginative, fictional way. He wrote “The Sound and the Fury” and “As I Lay Dying”.
Cultural Nationalism
A process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primacy of a certain cultural system against influences (real or imagined) from another culture.
Jacob Lawrence
An African American painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration north through art
Edward Hopper
A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.
Dorothea Lange
Sent out by the government to record the Great Depression by taking pictures, she took the picture “Migrant Mother”
Margaret Mitchell
She wrote Gone with the Wind. The novel let readers leave their own troubles behind and imagine the “moonlight and magnolia” days of the Old South
Grant Wood
U.S. painter noted for works based on life in the Midwest; his most famous painting is American Gothic (the farmer & his wife with pitchfork)
Thomas Hart Benton
United States artist whose paintings portrayed life in the Midwest and South
London Economic Conference
66 nations that came together to develop a worldwide solution to the Great Depression. Roosevelt withdrew from agreement and scolded other nations for trying to stabilize currencies the conference accomplished nothing.
Tydings-McDufie Act
1934: Philippines would receive their independence after 12 years of economic and political tutelage
Soviet Recognition
In 1933 FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union hoping that the US could trade with the USSR and that the Soviets would discourage German/Japanese aggression
Good Neighbor Policy
During the 7th Pan-American conference this was a promise of nonintervention in Nicaragua, Cuba, Haiti and Mexico
Cordell Hull
Secretary of State sent to the London Conference;
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
1934: Activated low-tariff policies while aiming at relief and recovery by boosting american trade
Totalitarianism
political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible
Emperor Hirohito
Prime Minister of Japan
Manchurian Incident
Situation in 1931 when Japanese troops, claiming that Chinese soldiers had tried to blow up a railway line, took matters into their own hands by capturing several southern Manchurian cities, and by continuing to take over the country even after Chinese troops had withdrawn.
Rape of Nanking
In late 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanking. Chinese civilians were brutalized and thousands were killed. The event shocked Western powers and contributed to sanctions against Japan.
Benito Mussolini
Dictator of Italy
Fascism
extreme authoritarian views and intolerant practices
Appeasement
term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands
Nye Report
Committee report that declared that industries promoted us going to war because it created profits for them
Merchants of Death
name for munitions manufacturers; they seemed to be pro wore and existed for he sole purpose of making more money and profits while many died
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937
acts which stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign power certain restrictions would automatically go into effect (no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent or make loans to a belligerent)
Spanish Civil War
1936-1939: Spanish Rebels rose up against the leftest leaning Republican government; the US just stood by while Franco smothered the democratic government America also failed to build up its fleet
Franciso Franco
Leader of Spanish Rebels
Quarantine Speech
FDR stated that Japan invading China was not a war but he called for a quarantine of Japan through economic embargoes
Rhineland
A demilitarized zone that Hitler took over. He prosecuted about 6 million Jews and he was able to due so due to appeasement.
Anshluss
A push to get those of German descent into the German Empire, such as Austria.
Sudentenland
Allies agreed during the Munich Conference to let Hitler have Sudetenland of neighboring Czechslovakia
Munich Pact
The Allies agreed to let Hitler have the Sudentenland
Josef Stalin
Dictator of the Soviet Union
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The USSR shocked the world by signing a non-agression pact with Germany. It seemed as though Germany could engulf all of Europe without having to worry about a two-front war.
Blitzkrieg
lightening war; quick, rapid attacks
Phony War
There was a lull in the war after Hitler was positioned to attack France after. The lull was caused by both sides building up their defences and waiting for the other side to attack.
Cash and Carry Policy
Europeans had to provide their own ships and pay for arms in cash but they were allowed to buy war materials
Maginot Line
The line was a series of fortifications on the Franco-German border designed to defense France in case of another German attack. This showed that France was reluctant to go to war and was relying on defense and not offense.
Miracle of Dunkirk
British sailors were called in to rescue British troops and bring them to safety from the German invasion in France.
Vichy France
Where a new French regime assembled largely controlled by German occupiers after the fall of France on June 22, 1940.
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Britain
Battle of Britain
Hitler launched air attacks against the British and prepared an invasion scheduled to start a moth later, but the tenacious defense of the British Royal Air Force stopped him during this aerial battle.
Destroyers for Bases Deal
FDR transferred destroyers from WWI to Britain in return the US got 8 defense base sites stretching from Newfoundland to SA.
Peacetime Draft
1940: FDR passed the first peacetime draft. The nation also built up its armed forces at this time.
Election of 1940
Republican Wendell L. WiIlkie faced off against Democratic FDR. FDR waited the last minute to challenge the two term precedent. FDR won because voters felt that he would best equip them for war.
Wendell Wilkie
The republican against FDR int eh 1940 election. He called out FDR on his dictatorship and was more homespun. He lost.
Henry Stimson
Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation’s industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it.
Lend Lease Act
Basically the abandonment of the neutrality policy. US factories geared for war production. Arms and ships were lent to nations snd they would be returned once they were no longer needed.
America First Committee
Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war
Atlantic Charter
Similar to Woodrow Wilson’s 8 points; generally stated the goals for the war like self determination, disarmament and no territorial changes.
Arsenal of Democracy
FDR’s name for the US because we would send arms to victims of aggression who would keep the war of the Atlantic side
Undeclared Naval War with Germany
FDR agreed a convoy would have to escort British arms but only as far as Iceland. There were clashes with US destroyers and skirmishes occurred.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Propaganda initiative pumped into area around Japan it talks about how prosperous conquered lands are going to be under Japan
Tripartite Pact
Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
Hideki Tojo
Prime Minister of Japan
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941: Japanese air bombers attacked the naval base wiping out many ships and hurting 3,000 men.
Japanese American Internment
On the Pacific coast, 110,000 Japanese-Americans were taken from their homes and herded into camps where their properties and freedoms were taken away
Executive Order 9066
authorized the Secretary of War and the U.S. Armed Forces to declare military areas from which any or all persons may be excluded. Did not specify nationality or ethnic group but led to the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps
Korematsu v. US
1944: Case that affirmed the constitutionality of internment camps
War Production Board
Halted manufacturing of nonessential items such as passenger cars and later imposed a national speed limit and gasoline rationing to save tires
Office of Price Administration
Farmers has a spurt of production that made prices soar. This administration regulated prices and many good were rationed.
National War Labor Board
The board was a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts.
Smith Connolly Anti-Strike Act
1943: let the federal government seize and operate industries threatened by or under strike
WACs & WAVES
women in arms, WAACs = Army and WAVES = Navy
Bracero Program
There weren’t enough workers due to the military draft, this brought Mexican workers to America as resident workers.
Rosie the Riveter
Women who took up jobs in the workplace and symbolized by this woman.
A. Philip Randolph
Leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a Negro March to Washington to get better rights
Executive Order 8802
passed by FDR in 1941 prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work.
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Created by EO #8802; enforced it’s policies of non discriminatory practices
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality
Double V Campaign
Victory over fascism over seas and victory over racism at home.
Zoot Suits Riot
Zoot suit clad Mexicans and Mexican Americans in LA were attacked by Anglo sailors looking for victims. Order maintained after the Mex. Ambassador stated these outbreaks are Nazi propaganda mills.
The Office of Scientific Research and Development
Channeled money into university based public research; established a relationship between the government and universities.
Revenue Acts
the Revenue Act raised the top income-tax rate from 60% to 90% and added middle class and lower income groups to the tax bracket as well
Office of Strategic Services
made to assess the enemy’s military strength, to gather intelligence information, and to oversee espionage activities
Office of Censorship
Examined all letters going overseas and worked with publishers and broadcasters to suppress information that might damage the war effort, such as details of troop movements
Office of War Information
created to engage the press, radio, and film industry in an informational campaign (to sell the war to the American people) ; gathered data and controlled the release of new, emphasizing the need to make reports on the war both dramatic and encouraging
The European Theater
The European Theater was an area of heavy fighting across Europe, during World War II, from 1 September 1939 to 8 May 1945. Allied forces fought the Axis powers in three theatres: the Eastern Front, the Western Front and the Mediterranean Theatre.
George Marshall
United States general, who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Helped to execute Operation Torch.
Operation Torch
British decided to invade Europe through North Africa so that the Allies could cut through the Med. Sea. They defeated the French troops but when they got there the German soldiers held them off until they finally got through a few days before the surrender.
Casablanca Conference
A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.
Erwin Rommel
The “Desert Fox”, he led the Germans during the raids that the British pulled on France. He was defeated by the British General.
Battle of Stalingrad
Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.
Operation Husky
When allies crossed the Mediterranean and went up Italy to capture Rome
George S. Paton
General in the United States Army who helped lead the Allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge.
Battle of the Atlantic
Conflict between British and American ships and German U-Boats. Germany suffered heavy losses, due to the innovations of radar and codebreaking within Allied ranks.
Allied Bombing Raids
The U.S sent napalms out over Tokyo. 1 million people died, this weakened Japanese
Tehran Conference
FDR, Churchill and Staling met to agree that the Soviets and Allies would launch simultaneous attacks.
Operation Overlord
D-Day attack of Allied troops on the coast of German-occupied Normandy. Although it held heavy costs, the attack succeeded in providing a foothold for further Allied encroachment into continental Europe.
D-Day
The amphibious assault on French Normandy. They clawed their way onto land and with the help of the French underground Paris was freed.
Battle of the Bulge
Hitler concentrated his forces in a gambled a 10 day penetration.
Holocaust
Millions of Jews and other Undesirables were murdered in concentration camps.
The St. Louis
Anti- Jew sentiment in US, turned away this ship carrying Jewish refugees seeking refuge. US refused to let up on immigration policies.
War Refugee Board
Board established by FDR to rescue Europeans from the Nazis, with limited success.
1942 Elections
The conservative Congress elected in 1942 wiped out many programs of the New Deal (CCC, WPA, and NYA); he announced the end of the New Deal and replacement by win the war
Election of 1944
Republican Thomas E. Dewey against Democratic Truman. Truman won.
Harry Truman
1944 Democratic Candidate
Yalta Conference
FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
VE Day
May 7, 1945: Official German surrender and the next day was officialy proclaimed this
The Pacific Theater
The Part of the War fought in Asia and Oceania
Dougas MacArthur
US general that had to sneak out of the Philippines when the Japanese took over. He vowed to return to liberate the islands.
Bataan Death March
When US fighters in the Philippines surrendered, they were forced to make a 85 mile march.
Battle of the Coral Sea
The Japanese on rush was finally checked by American and Australian forces in the world’s first Naval battle where the ships never saw one another (they fought via air craft carriers)
Battle of Midway
Japanese tried to siege Midway Islands and were forces back. It was a turning point in Japanese expansion.
Island Hopping
Allies bypassed heavily fortified islands, take over islands, and starve the resistant forces to death with lack of supplies and constant bombing saturation.
Guadalcanal
In Solomans, in an effort to protect the lifeline from American to Australia through SW Pacific. Won in Guadalcanal and hopped to New Guinea.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
The last great Naval battle was lost by Japan.
Kamikaze Attacks
Suicide pilots for the sake of their god-emperor
Iwo Jima
1945: Captured during a 25 day assault that left 4,000 Americans died.
Okinawa
Area where the major kamikaze attacks took place
Albert Einstein
(1879-1955) A German Jew, Stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, and that even a particle of matter contains enormous amounts of potential energy. He also stated that the speed of light is the only thing constant from all frames of reference.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan project was a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb. Its success granted the U.S the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
He a physicist who was the director of the Manhattan. Project. He helped to ensure the development of the atomic bomb before the axis.
Potsdam Declaration
Ultimatum from the Potsdam Conference that was issued by the United States, Great Britain and China to Japan offering that country the choice between unconditional surrender and total annihilation.
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
Areas in Japan that A-bombs were dropped on.
VJ Day
Victory in Japan september 2nd, 1945 treaty signed on S.S. Missouri.
