Unit #5 Flashcards
Impact of Freedom
Freed Blacks were often re-enslaved after the union troops left and some planters said emancipation wasn’t legal until local courts declared it. Some slaves stuck with their masters while other pillaged their lands. Eventually thousands took the road and found new work or look for lost loved ones. The black church was created and were looking for education.
Freedman’s Bureau
Created in order to train the unskilled and unlettered free blacks. It taught about 200,000 Blacks how to read. It expired after much criticism.
“40 acres and a mule”
Slogan that referred to how the federal government settled 10,000 freedman and families on abandoned plantation land with a single mule.
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction, he believed the south never legally withdrawn from the Union. The southern states would be reintegrated into the Union if and when they had only 10% of its voters pledge and take an oath and acknowledge the emancipation of slaves. It was called the Ten Percent Plan.
Wade Davis Bill
It required 50% of the states; voters to take oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than the 10% plan. Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill.
Johnson’s Plan
He was expected to be radical, but he took Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan and issued his own proclamation. It stated that leading confederates should be disfranchised, the confederate debt was repudiated, and states had to ratify the 13th amendment.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery.
“Black Codes”
New southern regimes sanctioned by Johnson. They were aimed at keeping the Black population in submission. Blacks who jumped their labor contracts or walked out of their jobs caused the wages to be low. It forbade Blacks from serving on the jury. It made many abolitionists wonder if the price of the Civil War was worth it.
Sharecropping
A system of work for freedman in the cotton industry.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. This was vetoed by Johnson, although they were Republican passed bills.
1866 Congressional Elections
Republicans gained seats in congress even though Johnson tried ‘Round the Circle’ speeches.
Johnson’s “Swing Around the Circle”
In 1866 Johnson wanted to lower the amount of Republicans in congress because they wouldn’t allow reconstruction to carry on without the 14th amendment. He gave speeches but people hated him and he hurled back insults. Republicans ended up getting more seats.
Joint Committee on Reconstruction
Six senators and nine representatives drafted the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts. Purpose of the committee was to set the pace of Reconstruction.
Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
The leader of the radicals in the Senate was Sumner and in the House the radical leader was Stevens.
14th Amendment
Blacks were American citizens, if a state denied citizenship to blacks then its representatives in the Electoral College were lowered, former Confederates would not hold office, and the federal debt was guaranteed while the confederate one was repudiated.
Moderate Republicans
Shared views like Lincoln, about reconstruction.
15th Amedment
1869: It gave blacks the right to vote.
ex parte Milligan
1866: The Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians even during wartime, if there were civil courts available,
Women’s Suffrage Movement
Women were disappointed since the amendments did not give women suffrage. While women helped Blacks gain their rights and the new amendments inserted the word males into the constitution for the first time ever.
Union League
Blacks’ main political vehicle; it was a network of political clubs that educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates. They built Black churches, schools and recruited militias to protect blacks.
Klu Klux Klan
Extremely racist whites who hated Blacks. This organization scared Blacks into not voing and not seeking jobs. They also often resorted to terror and violence.
Enforcement Acts
(KKK Acts) This gave the government power to supercede state courts and prosecute violation o the law and use military power to protect civil rights and habeas corpus when things are really bad.
Tenure of Office Act
1867; provided that the president had to secure the consent of the senate before removing his appointees, the reason for this act was to keep a republican spy in office
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Johnson dismissed Edwin M. Stanton without approval of the senate which broke the Tenure of Office Act and Johnson argue the act was unconstitutional. 7 Republican officers voted not guilty and Johnson was acquitted. While some believed it was a bad decision, many feared establishing a precedent of removing the president was bad.
Radical Reconstruction
Radicals wanted to keep the South our of the Union as long as possible and totally change its economy.
Scalawags
Southerners who were accused of plundering Southern treasuries and selling out the Southerners
Carpetbaggers
Northerners accused of parasitically milking power and profit in a now-desolate South
Radical Governments
Southerners regarded Reconstruction as worse than the war. The Republicans failed to improve the South. The south was more resurrected than reconstructed and if Thaddeus Stevens economic reforms had been enacted things would be different.
Election of 1868
The Republican candidate nominated General Ulysses S, Grant versus the Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant had no political experience and won only slightly ahead (popular vote) of his rival. Seymour didn’t accept a redemption of greenbacks for max value platform and doomed his party.
“Waving the Bloody Shirt”
During the Election of 1868, Grant got elected by reliving his war victories.
Fisk and Gould
Two millionaires that concocted a plot to corner the fold market that would only work if the treasury stopped selling gold. They worked on President Grant but their plan failed when the treasury failed.
Tweed Ring
Tammany Hall of NYC employed bribery, graft, and fake election to cheat the city of as much as 200 million dollars. He was caught when the NY Times secured evidence of his misdeeds. Samuel Tilden gained fame as the prosecution and Thomas Nast a political cartoonist drew against Tammany’s corruption.
Credit Mobiler Scandal
A railroad construction company that paid itself huge sums of money for small railroad construction. A NY newspaper busted it and two members of congress were censured because they had stock. The VP accepted stock too.
Whiskey Ring Scandal
1875: they robbed the treasury of millions of dollars and when Grant’s own private secretary was shown to be one of the criminals, the secretary was shown to have pocketed thousands by selling junk to indians
Liberal Republicans
1872: reformers that were disgusted at Grant’s administration organized the Liberal Republican Party and nominated Horace Greeley
Election of 1872
The Republican candidate Ulysses S. Grant was nominated against the Democratic and Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley. Greeley called for an end to reconstruction. The campaign was filled with mudslinging but Grant crushed Greeley in the electoral vote and in the popular vote too.
Panic of 1873
Too many railroads and factories were being formed than the existing markets would bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects. The causes were over-speculation and too-easy credits.
General Amnety Act
1872: removed political disabilities from all but some 500 former confederate leader because the liberal Republicans frightened them into cleaning out their house
Specie Resumption Act
1875: pledged the government to further withdraw greenbacks and made all further redemption of paper money in gold face value, liked by supporters of hard-money
Greenback Labor Party
Republican hard-money policy led to the election of a Democratic House of Representatives in 1974 and spawned this party
G.A.R.
Grand Army of the Republic: organization made up of former union veterans supported the Republican party strongly
Election of 1876
Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden. The election was very close and there were a few disputed states.
Compromise of 1877
For the North, Hayes would become president if he agreed to remove troops from remaining two Souther states where Union troops remained. Also, the bill would subsidize the Texas and Pacific railroads. For the South, military rule and reconstruction ended. It abandoned blacks in the south.
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Declared most of the black rights from the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Redemption
The democrats began redemption of political power in the South. Military turned northward and whites once against asserted their power.
Crop Lien System
Storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food/supplies and in return took a lien on their harvests (farmers usually remained perpetually in debt)
Poll Taxes
Special fees that people had to pay to vote which was used to keep African Americans from voting
Literacy Tests
Requirements for voting used to keep African Americans from voting
Grandfather Caluses
Allowed whites who voted in 1860 to vote despite all the laws that stopped the blacks from voting
Disenfranchidement
Literacy tests, poll taxes and grandfather clauses disenfranchised the blacks while allowed whites to keep their vote.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896: rules that “separate but equal” facilities were unconstitutional
Convict Lease System
Southern states leased gangs of criminals to private interests to supply cheap labor, it paid nothing and money went to states, jobs taken from labor force
Chinese Exclusion Act
1879: a bill to severely restrict the influx of Chinese immigrants but Hayes vetoed the bill because it violated the existing treaty with China
1882: barred any Chinese person from entering the US, first law limiting immigration
US v. Wong Kim
1898: supreme court case in which citizenship was attempted to be taken away, the 14th amendment protected them from this and other immigrants as well
Patronage
a system in which benefits, including jobs, money, or protection are granted in exchange for political support
Stalwarts
Republican infighting; those who exchanged jobs for votes
Half-Breeds
Republican infighting; those who promised civil service reform for votes
Election of 1880
The Republicans nominated James Garfield who had been a general in the Civil War and a notorious Stalwart. The Democrats nominated Winfield S. Hancock who was a Cicil War general that appealed through the South due to his fair treatment. Garfield was elected but he was shot in the head and Chester Arthur came to power.
Charles Guiteau
A disappointed office seeker that short President Garfield in the head. He was hanged.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
1883: Prohibited financial assessments on jobholders and established a merit system of making appointments to office on the basis of aptitude rather than patronage, it divided politics from patronage
Election of 1884
The Republican candidate James Blaine and the Democrats chose Grover Cleveland. It was filled with a lot of mudslinging but one Republican insulted NY so NY voted from Cleveland and caused him to win.
Mugwumps
Those who switched to the Democratic party because James Blaine was nominated.
Election of 1888
Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland while the Republicans nominated William Henry Harrison. Cleveland wanted to use the treasury surplus to lower the tariff. Harrison used money to buy out swing states and won.
Billion Dollar Congress
1889-1891: The 51st congress that appropriated huge sums of money for legislative projects
McKinley Tariff
increased duties on manufactured goods: the taxes were loved by big business/ debt-burdened farmers had no choice but to buy manufactured goods from high-priced american industrialists and were compelled to sell their own products to competitive unprotected world products
Populists
The Populist Party emerged in 1892 from disgruntled farmers. Their main call was for the inflation via free coinage of silver. They called for graduated income tax, government regulation, one term limit, initiative and referendum, shorter workday and immigration restriction.
Election of 1892
Grover Cleveland won with the Democratic nomination. The republicans nominated James Blaine.
Tom Watson
populist leader that became racist later on
Depression of 1893
Due to the overbuilding splurges, speculation, labor disorders, agricultural depression and silver agitation the panic in the new age caused outrage. 8,000 American business houses collapsed in the 6 months and railroads went into hands of receivers.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Cleveland had a deficit and a problem for the Treasury had to issue gold for the notes that is paid in this act. According to the law, these notes had to be reissued thus causing a steady drain on gold in the treasury - the level alarmingly dropped bellow 100 million at one point.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
1894: Cleveland promised to lower the tariff, but so many tack ons had been added the result was nill. Also, the Supreme Court struck down on the income tax It looked like politicians were tools of the wealthy.
Bonanza Farms
Large farms, large-scale operations, growing/harvesting wheat
Deflation and Debtors
1800s: When world markets for food rebounded, paying back debts was especially difficult. Contraction resulted in less money in circulation. Farmers operated year after year and lived off their fat as they could.
Tenant Farmers
1800s: Thousands of of homesteads fell to mortgages and foreclosures and farm tenancy rather than farm ownerships were increasing.
Farmers’ Problems
In the late 1880s to the 1990s droughts, grasshopper plagues and heat waves hurt farmers. Governments added to this by gouging the farmers, ripping them off by making them pay painful taxes. The railroads fixed freight prices, the middleman took cuts in profit as well as others harassed farmers.
The Grange
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry: created by Oliver Kelley to improve the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational and fraternal activities
Granger Laws
Regulations that regulated the railroad prices and grain elevator companies.
Muller vs. IL
10 Hour workday for women due to health and community conerns
Wabash vs. IL
Granger laws regulated interstate commerce which is illegal.
James B. Weaver
A Civil War general that ran for the Greenback Labor Party in 1880.
Farmers’ Alliances
Founded in the late 1870s, this coalition of farmers seeked to overthrow the chains from the banks and railroads that bound them. Its programs were only aimed at those who owned their own land which excluded blacks. The alliance members wanted nationalization of railroads, abolition of national banks, graduated income tax and new federal sub-treasury for farmers.
Colored Farmers Alliance
The Colored Farmers’ Alliance comprised both black farmers and farm workers. They were active in the publication of a weekly newspaper and a variety of educational programs. In 1891, a strike of cotton pickers was called, but coordination was poor and the strike failed. Also lost support when the populist party arose.
The Populist Party
The Farmers’ Alliance would combine in the new People’s Party to launch a new attack on the northeastern citadels of power.
Mary Lease
Leader of populists who spoke eloquently and attacked those that hurt farmers.
Coxey’s Army
A general that marched on Washington with scores of followers and reporters. They called for relieving unemployment by and inflationary government public works program and an issuance of 500 million dollars in legal tender notes.
Election of 1896
The Republican nominated McKinley and the Democrats nominated Bryan. Mckinley won decisively and the election was a symbolic privileged verses the underprivileged. It was a win for big business.
William McKinley
Leading Republican candidate that was a respectable former Civil War major who served many years in congress. He was conservative in business, preferring to leave things alone and his platform was for the gold standard or bimetallism while he was not.
Mark Hanna
1896: He made another Ohioan who financially and politically supported the candidate though his political years.
William Jennings Bryan
The Democrats were in disarray. His Cross of Gold Speech created a sensation and won the nomination ticket in 1896. The ticket called for coinage of silver with 16 ounces equal to one gold.
Cross of Gold Speech
William Jennings Bryan’s speech that won the nomination for the democratic ticket. It called for coinage of silver.
Silverites and Goldbugs
Main debate during the Election of 1896. Gold won.
Dingley Tariff
Replaced the Wilson-Gorman law and raised more revenue by raising the tariff level to 46.5%.
Transcontinental Railroad
Deadlock over where to built it was broken after the South succeeded. Union Pacific Railroad in Nebraska and the Central Pacific Railroad in California came together in Utah.
Railroad Expansion and Consolidation
Congress gave federal land grants for railroad routes. Many pioneers over-invested on land and the banks that supported them often failed. Railroads made Vanderbilt. Steel rail, air brakes and passengers cars were some improvement in railroads.
Railroad Company Abuses
Credit Mobilier reaped benefits. When Indians attacked while trying to save their land Irish workers dropped their picks. Railroad owners abused the public, bribed judges/legislatures, employed lobbyists, elected their own to political office, gave rebates, and used free passes to gain favor.
Interstate Commerce Act
1887: Banned rebates and polls and required the railroads to publish their rates openly and also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and banned charging more for a short haul than for a long one
laissez faire
do not want the government to interfere in business matters, or if governments do involve themselves in business matters, to keep government influence to a minimum
Alexander Graham Bell
1876: Invented the telephone and a new age was launched
Thomas E. Edison & Menlo Park
The most versatile inventor who was best known for his electric light bulb but also had other inventions.
Jay Gould
made millions embezzling stocks from Erie, Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific and the Pacific Railroads
George Westinghouse
Used high voltage currents to transmit electricity over long distances
Bessemer Process
Invention that made steel-making much cheaper; cold air blown on a red-hot iron burned carbon deposits and purified it
Corporations
modern corporation developed as railroads expanded in order for groups to finance their own great ventures which couldn’t be done alone. business organizations sold stock to members of the public, who were attracted by the limited liability involved - only risked loss of what you invested in the company
Andrew Carnegie
used the vertical integration method to control the iron refining/steel making industry
Vertical Integration
he bought and controlled all aspects of an industry
Henry Clay Frick
an American financier that was partnered with Jay Gould in tampering with the railroad stocks. He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling
United States Steel Corporation
J, Pierpoint Morgan bought out Carnegie’s entire business then added others to create the first billion dollar corporation
John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil Trust
master of horizontal integration and used this method to form Standard Oil and control the oil industry by forcing weaker competitors to go bankrupt
Horizontal Integration
allied with or buying out competitors to monopolize a given market
Rebates/Kickbacks
is a deduction from an amount to be paid, or money back. Rockefeller, oil king, employed spies to find the amount to be paid of railroads and forced the railroads to pay him it on the bills of his competitors.
Robber Barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
J. Pierpont Morgan
made a fortune in the banking industry and Wall Street, he was ready to step into the steel tubing industry and Morgan bought Carnegie’s entire industry
Interlocking Directorate
J.P. Morgan placed his own men on the boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence there and reduce competition
Gustavas Swift
Trusts emerged which made better products at cheaper prices such as the meat industry
Gospel of Wealth
Many of the newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth and thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become right and helped society with their money.
Social Darwinism
Applied Darwin’s survival of the fittest theories to business and it was the reason that Carnegie attributed to his success
Herbert Spencer
coined the phrase survival of the fittest
William Graham Sumner
the Yale professor of the late 1800s who concluded that millionaires are a product of natural selection; they get high wages and live in luxury
Horatio Alger
author that state virtue, honesty and industry would be regarded with success, wealth and honor
Philanthropy
John D. Rockefeller founded modern philanthropy; Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth said rich people should be philanthropists
Adam Smith
pioneer of political economy and father of modern economics
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890: forbade combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restraint for trade without any distinction between good and bad trusts
Scientific Management
the way to manage human labor as to produce the most effective result that is compatible with machine age
American Tobacco
The South remained agrarian despite all the industrial advances and James Buchanan Duke created this huge cigarette industry
Henry Grady
editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper who urged the South to industrialize
Southern Steel/Textile Industries
Northern railroads charged a higher price to ship to the North than to the South. The Pittsburgh Plus pricing system was economic discrimination against the Southern steel industry. Rich deposits of coal and iron ore were discovered in Birmingham, Alabama. Those who workers worked in cotton mills were in perpetual debt and were paid extremely low wages.
Industrial Working Conditions
The inflow of immigrants provided a labor force that wold work for low wages and in a poor environments. The workers couldn’t improve conditions because if they complained more workers could take their place.
Blacklists
Workers put on a list and denied privileges elsewhere.
Lockouts
methods to starve strikes into submission
Scabs
replacements for strikes
Yellow-Dog Contracts
banned workers from joining unions
Wildcat Strikes
strikes by workers without approval from their union
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Wage cuts caused workers to torch railroad houses etc. Hayes sent troops to stop the strike which spread across the nation and about 100 people died
The National Labor Union
represented a giant boot stride for workers and attracted 600,000 members for about 6 years; it excluded minorities and worked for arbitration of industrial disputes and the 8 hour workday and won the latter for government worker but the depression of 1873 knocked it out
The Knights of Labor
began in 1869 until 1881; it barred liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyer and more; they won a strike for the 8 hour workday against Jay Gould’s railroads
Terence Powederely
lead the Knights of Labor
The Haymarket Riot
80,000 KoL and anarchists advocated a violent overthrow of the American government, tensions were building and on May 4 1886, Chicago police were advancing on a meeting that had been called to protest brutalities when a dynamite bomb was thrown; forever stained KoL as anarchists and membership declined
The American Federation of Labor
consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence with the AF of L unifying overall strategy
Samuel Gompers
founded American Federation of Labor; demanded a fairer share for labor and simply wanted more such as better wages and hours
Bread and Butter Issues
Problems of wages, hours, and working conditions (Labor/Worker problems)
The Homestead Strike
1892; against Carnegies steel workers, violent, put-down by Pinkerton police, violence damaged union image
Pinkertons
contract, militia police force
Industrial Unions
Led by “Mother” Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, Big Bill Haywood, and Eugene Debs;
strove to unite all laborers, including unskilled workers and African Americans;
its goal was to create “One Big Union;”
embraced the rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed violent tactics;
the organization collapsed during WWI.
American Railway Workers Union
lead by Eugene Debs; organized the Pullman Strike
Eugene Debs
leader of the American Railway Workers Union
The Pullman Strike
1894: workers lived in a model town and pullman fired 3 workers with no negotiation; pullman cut wages but not store prices/rent
In re Debs
1895: congress approved the use of court injunctions against strikers and employers had more power than them to break union
Louis Sullivan
Famed architect that perfected skyscrapers
City Transportation
Cities grew from compact ones to huge metropolises; required commuting by electric trolleys
Brooklyn Bridges
This structure established the basis for all modern suspension bridges; it also showed the first time steel used in an American structure
Dept. Stores
like Macy’s and Marshall Field’s provided urban working-class jobs and attracted urban middle-class shoppers
Mail Order Catalogues
Sears and Montgomery Ward made things easy and cheap to buy, could simply throw away the things they didn’t like anymre
Problems with Urbanization
criminals flourished, impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies and droppings made citied smelly
Dumbbell Tenements
slums crammed with people; they were dark, cramped with ventilation
Old Immigrants
British Isles; Western Europe - literate and accustomed to representative government
New Immigrants
Baltic; Slavic; Southeastern Europe - illiterate not used to representative government
Push/Pull Factors of Immigration
No room or employment in Europe (industrialization decreased jobs). America was praised as a place where everyone was fed. Americans wanted cheap labor so they talked it up.
Slums
The nation finally started awakening to the plight of the slums.
Jacob Riis
Wrote How the Other Half Lives; to awake the nation to slums
Social Gospel
Insisted that the churches tackle the burning social issue of the day.
Hull House
taught children and adults the skills and knowledge they need to survive and succeed in America
Henry St. Settlement
Settlement house similar to the Hull House; in NY
Florence Kelly
fought for protection of women workers and against child labor; settlement houses were the center for her activism and refom
Urban Women in the Workplace
cities gave women opportunities to earn money and support themselves better - mostly single women
American Protective Association
Anti-foreign organizations that arose against new immigrants and labor leaders in general were quick to ry and stop new immigration
Literacy Test Bill
bill for immigrants was proposed and were resisted until they were finally passed in 1917
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882: barred the Chinese from coming
YMCA
Young Men’s and Women’s Christian Associations; established before Civil war and combined physical and other kinds of education with religious teachings.
Salvation Army
tried to help the poor and the unfortunate
Colleges/Professional Schools
Sprouted after the Civil War and colleges for women were gaining ground.
Curriculum Reform
The Morrill Act of 1862 provided a generous grant in support of education. The Hatch Act of 1887 provided federal funds for establishment of agricultural experimentation station with land-grant colleges.
William James
Established the discipline of behavioral psychology.
Penny Press
Newspapers that reported on wild and fantastic stories.
Henry George
Wrote Progress and Poverty; which undertook to solve the association of poverty with progress; came up with the graduated income tax
Edward Bellamy
Published Looking Backward which criticized the social injustices of the day and pictured a utopian government that had nationalized bus business in serving the public good
Dime Novels
Depicted the wild West and other romantic and adventurous settings.
Kate Chopin
wrote about adultery, suicide and women;s ambition int eh Awakening
Mark Twain
Wrote books in the realist form; such as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer/Huckleberry Finn
Stephen Crane
Wrote about the seamy underside of life in urban industrial America
Henry James
wrote Daisy Miller and Portrait of a Lady, often making women his central characters in his novels and exploring their personalities
Jack London
wrote about the wild unexplored regions of wilderness in The Call of the Wild, White Fang and The Iron Heel
Paul Laurence Dunbar & Charles Chesnutt
Black writers that used black dialect and folklore in their poems and stories respectively
Theodore Dreiser
novelist that used blunt prose to batter promoters and profiteers in the Financer and the Titan
Comstock Laws
declared it was illegal to send obscene mail; banned contraceptives; banned spreading information on abortion
The “New Morality”
reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces and frank discussion of sexual topics
National Women’s Suffrage Association
Feminists organizes a rally toward suffrage
Carrie Chapman Catt
new generation of women activists who stressed desirability of given women the vote if they were going to discharge their traditional duties
Ida B. Wells
rallied toward better treatment for Blacks as well and formed the National Association of Colored Women
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
organizations that rallied against alcohols and called for a national prohibition of the beverage
Anti-Saloon League
Similar to the prohibition organization; concern over the dangers of alcohol
Mary Cassatt
Painter sensitive portraits of women and children
Thomas Eakins
a realist painter
Winslow Homer
perhaps the most famous and greatest of all; painted scenes of typical New England life
Columbian Exposition
displayed many architectural triumphs
Vaudeville
a genre of a variety entertainment prevalent on the stage; it developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary burlesque
PT Barnum
In entertainment he stated, “There’s a sucker born every minute”
