Unit #7 Flashcards
Moral (Missionary) Diplomacy
Wilson ideal stating that the US would intervene in other countries only to spread democracy and things that would be better for the foreign countries.
US Intervention in Mexico
Mexico had traditionally been exploited so the Mexican people revolted and General Victoriano Huerta became president. This lead to a massive influx of Mexicans into America but Woodrow Wilson would not intervene. After American soldiers were arrested in Tampico, Wilson ordered the navy to take over vera cruz. Argentina, Brazil and Chile mediated the situation and Huerta was replaced by Carranza (who resented US intervention).
Pancho Villa & John J. Pershing
During the time of US intervention in Mexico, this bandit murdered 16 Americans. Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to capture Villa where he clashed with Carranza and Villa but didn’t capture Villa.
Causes of WWI
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism & Nationalism (MAIN)
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (beginning of war)
Allied Powers
France, Britain, Russia
Triple Entente
France Britain, Russia (beginning of war)
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & Gavrilo Princip
Austria-Hungarian heir to the throne king killed by a Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. They triggered the domino-effect and caused World War I.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
At the start of WWI, he convinced most of the US to be anti-German (although Germans and Austria-Hungarians counted on their relatives for help) because he was an autocrat. His ruthless image was bolstered when Germany striked at neutral Belgium to get to France.
Schlieffen Plan
A German general had an idea of how to deal with the Eastern Front and the Western Front. The Germans would knock out France with a lightening attack through Belgium, then they would attack Germany. The plan assumed that France would be weak and Russia would be slow.
Eastern Front
Boundary between Russia and Germany.
Western Front
Boundary between France and Germany.
Trench Warfare
American Neutrality
As WWI began, America was in a business recession and trade bolstered their economy. The Allies and Wallstreet’s financing of the war pulled the US out of recession. Due to the British Blockade, Germany began sinking ships. Then, the Lusitania along with the Zimmerman Telegram caused the US to enter the war.
British Blockade
While trade between the US and Central Powers weren’t taboo, Britain threw mine and ships across the North Sea so that Germany couldn’t trade with the US.
U-Boat Campaign
In response the Britain’s Blockade, Germany began to use submarine warfare around the British Isles. They stated to the US that they would try not to hit neutral ships but mistakes would occur.
The Lusitania
German U-Boats sank this British passenger liner called the Lusitania that was carrying munitions as well. 128 Americans died and America clamored for war in punishment but Wilson kept the US out of the war with a series of strong notes to the German warlords. The warlords promised to stop sinking unarmed ships without warning.
Robert Lansing
When the US was discussing whether to join WWI or not, the current secretary of the state - William Jennings Bryan - is replaced by this man.
Sussex Pledge
Wilson sent notes to German warlords after the Lusitania, the Germans agreed not to sink unarmed ships without warning. After the agreement Germany broke the promise by sinking the Sussex. The follow Sussex pledge declared that Germany would not sink unarmed ships without warning if the US could convince Britain to stop their blockade.
Preparedness Campaign
Prior to US entry into the war some Americans (Theodore Roosevelt as the most prominent) thought the US should increase military capabilities and that the US should intervene in the conflict.
Naval Construction Act
The Wilson Administration backed plans to significantly expand the Navy.
National Defense Act
The Wilson Administration expands the size and scope of the national guard and guarantee its status as the nation’s permanent reserve force. The socialist party and the women’s peace party opposed.
William Jennings Bryan
This US Secretary of State resigned due to his concern over Wilson’s handling of the crisis of the Lusitania.
Woman’s Peace Party
Opposed the war and the legislation passed by the Wilson administration that bolstered the military.
Jeanette Rankin
The first congresswoman from Montana. She voted against WWI and would later vote against WWII.
“Armed Neutrality”
The US didn’t align itself with the Triple Entente or the Triple Alliance, but armed itself against any invasions.
Election of 1916
Woodrow Wilson wins barely beats the Republican candidate Charles Evan Hughes. Hughes made different pledges and said different things depending on where he was. Wilson lead with the “he kept us out of war” campaign. Theodore Roosevelt was nominated as the Progressive candidate but he didn’t want to split the republican party and when he refused to run the progressive party died.
Last Steps to WWI
Woodrow Wilson made a final attempt to avert war that declared only “peace without victory” would be lasting. Germany had decided that a distinction between combatant and noncombatant was a luxury they couldn’t afford so Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare. Then, the Zimmerman note was intercepted. When a revolution in Russia topples the regime, Congress declared war.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany’s U-Boats began to fire on armed and unarmed ships in the war zone because Germany decided that distinction between combatant and noncombatant was a luxury they couldn’t afford.
Zimmerman Note
Written by a German foreign secretary, it proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico. It proposed that if Mexico fought against the US and the Central Powers won, Mexico could recover land lost in the Mexican-American war.
Russian Revolution
The revolution against the Czarist government which led to the creation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic by the Bolsheviks and Lenin.
Wilson’s War Message
To gain enthusiasm for the war, Wilson came up with the idea of America entering the war to “make the world safe for democracy”. He claimed there were no riches or territorial conquests.
Fourteen Points
The main points for idealistic goals for peace were no more secret treaties, freedom of the seas, a removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, adjustment, adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of natives, “self-determination” and a League of Nations.
Define Self-Determination.
Independence for oppressed minority groups who’d chose their government.
The A.E.F.
The American Expeditionary Forces: US armed forces that went to fight in Europe.
George Creel
Head of the Committee on Public Information, he oversold some of the ideals and the result would be disastrous disillusionment.
Committee on Public Information
It was created to “sell” the war to those people who were against it or just gain support for it. The organization used propaganda such as posters, billboards, pamphlets, and speeches to support the war.
Trading With the Enemy Act
Generic name for legislation that is passed during an approaching war that prohibit acts that might assist the enemy along with mercantile activities with foreign nationals,
Espionage Act of 1918 and the Sedition Act of 1918
These shows American fears and paranoia about Germans and others perceived as a threat.
Industrial Workers of the World
Antiwar Socialists and the members of this radical union that were prosecuted, arrested, and sent to prison. Some engineered industrial sabotage.
Bernard Branch
Head of the War Industries Board
War Industries Board
In trying to mobilize fore th war, no one knew how mush America could produce and laissez-faire economic provided resistance to government control of the economy. This group never had much power and disband after the armistice.
National War Labor Board
Headed by former President Taft, this organization settled possible labor difficulties that might hamper war efforts. It set high wages, and 4 hour workday, and the right to unionize. Also created a “work or fight” mentality for men.
Effect of the War on African Americans
As workers left for the war more jobs were open for African-Americans to participate in.
Great Migration
During the war, Black immigrated to the North to find more jobs in the war-industry.
East St. Louis Race Riots
The Great Migration caused Blacks to move into all-White towns and sparked violence. They were triggered by an incident at the beach where white people threw stones at the young black boy in the water causing him to drown. 15 whites and 23 blacks died when steel owners brought African-Americans in to break a stroke when 250,000 steelworkers walked off the job.
Effect of the War on Women
Women found more opportunities in the workplace. The war split the progressive movement because most women were pacifists and most women believed supporting the war if they wanted to get the vote.
Food Administration
Organized a successful food drive for people in Belgium. It spurned ration cards in favor of “Meatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays”.
Herbert Hoover
Head of the food administration, he whipped up a patriotic spirit that encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice for the war.
18th Amendment
The wave of self-sacrifice started by the Food Administration sped up the drive against alcohol and so this amendment prohibited the sale, distribution, or consumption of alcohol.
19th Amendment
Women’s suffrage was gained in 1920.
Liberty Bonds/Loans
Money was raised through the sale of war bonds, four great liberty loan drives, and increased taxes.
Selective Service Act
Passed in 1917, this act required men 21-30 to to register for the military. It ran heated opposition in Congress but was passed. Unlike the last draft, people could not pay their way out of being drafted.
Bolshevik Revolution
Communist Bolsheviks seized power and withdrew their troops from the capitalistic war in early 1918.
Schenk vs. US
Schenk was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resists conscription. Justice Holmes claimed that Congress could restrict speech if the words are used to create a clear danger.
ACLU
The American Civil Liberties Union: After the communist revolution people potential communists in the US were arrested unlawfully. This union emerged to take a stand.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty to end the war between Britain and Russia. Poland, Finland and Baltic States were taken from Russia and Ukraine was granted independence.
US Combat Experience
It took about a year for Americans to get to Europe due to transportation problems. The first groups were replacements for the British and French and were poorly trained.
John J. Pershing
When the Americans demanded their own army instead of supporting Britain and French this general lead the front.
Hindenburg Line
During the Battle of Argonne Forest was a part of the final Allied offensive. This line was the area the whole offensive was focused on breaching and ultimately this forced the German troops to surrender.
Armistice & The Fourteen Point
On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Germans laid down their arms after overthrowing their Kaiser. They hope to get peace based on the 14 points.
1918 Congressional Elections
At the height of his popularity Wilson pushed for a democratic victory in 1918, instead the Republicans got a majority. Wilson ended up going to the paris peace conference as the only leader of the Allies not commanding a majority at home.
Versailles Peace Conference
The Big Four basically dictated the terms of the treaty. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted Money and the US wanted to heal wounds through the league of Nations. In the end, The War Guilt Cause was passed in exchange for The League of Nations.
The Big Four
Italy, France, Britain and the US
Victorio Orlando
Delegate for Italy at the Peace Conference
David Lloyd George
Delegate for Britain at the Peace Conference
George Clemenceau
Delegate for France at the Peace Conference
League of Nations
Wilson bargained for it and exchanged it for the War Guilt Clause. France and Britain couldn’t tale countries but could own them under the League.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Leader of the group of senators opposed to the League. They believed it was either useless or an over potent superstate. They also believed it was unwise to turn decisions over to a group of foreign nations.
“Irreconcilables”
About a dozen Republican senators could not accept US membership in the League, no matter how the convenant was worded.
“Reservationists”
Lead by Henry Cabot Lodge, these senators pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made.
Security Treaty
In the Treaty of Versailles, this states that if Germany ever invaded again American and Britain troops would come to its aid. The US Congress pigeonholed this because they wanted to avoid entangled alliances.
War Guilt Clause
Placed blame on Germany and the country had to pay $33 Billion in reparations. In the Treaty of Versailles.
War Raparations
Germany was charged $33 Billion dollars.
Mid-east Mandates
France wanted Rhineland and Saar Valley but it didn’t get it. The League got the Saar Basin for 15 years then let a vote determine its fate. Italy demanded Fiume (seaport inhabited by Italians and Yugoslavs).
Wilson’s Tour
When Wilson returned to America, a lot of people were discontent with the treaty. Wilson took a tour to gain support for the treaty but two irreconcilable senators verbally attacked him the whole tour.
Lodge Reservation
Lodge came up with fourteen reservations. Congress was especially concerned with Article X. He wanted to safeguard American sovereignty.
Article X of the League Convenant
It bound the US to air members of the League that were victimized by aggression and Congress wanted to preserve its war-declaring power.
Senate Rejection
The Senate didn’t approve the pact with the Lodge reservations added on in part because Wilson asked the Democrats to vote against it. Wilson had an “all or nothing” mentality about The Treaty of Versailles and received nothing.
Treaty of Versailles
It was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.
End of the War for the US
The Treaty of Versailles had not been passed due to US isolationism. This would indirectly lead to WWII.
The Red Scare
From 1919-1920, there was a fear of communism in America. This was caused by the Bolshevik revolution. It cut back free speech for a period and caused the emergence of Anti-Red Statues/Criminal Syndicalism Laws.
Xenophobia
A fear or dislike of foreigners; popular among older generations due to rapid immigration rates.
J. Edgar Hoover
An ambitious assistant of Palmer. He was put in charge to fight against radicals during the Red Scare after World War 1.
Palmer Raids
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer used a series of raids to round up and arrest about 6,000 suspected Communists.
Labor Strikes of 1919
The Seattle General Strike, arose from general discontent of workers post-war. It was denounced as a communist movement and contributed to the red scare.
Post-War Race Riots
The Steel Strike, when 250 thousand steel workers striked to get owners to recognize their right o organize and the owners brought in 30,000 African Americans to break the strike.
Klu Klux Klan
It was pro-white Anglo-Saxon Protestant and anti-everything else. At its peak about 5 million members, mostly from the south joined. The KKK employed the same tactics of fear, lynchings and intimidation and was stopped by its money fraud (not the racism).
Hiram Wesley Evans
Serves as head of the KKK. Evans denied that the KKK was centered around hatred and claimed it was a patriotic and benevolent organization that supported education, morality and charity.
National Origins Act
Newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in US in 1910.
Prohibition
This law was effectively enforces because so many people violated. It was popular in the Midwest and the South.
Volstead Act
Defined the liquor forbidden under the 18th amendment and gave enforcement responsibilities to the Prohibition Bureau of the Department of the Treasury.
Bootleggers
People who still sold alcohol against the prohibition law.
Speakeasies
Saloons turned into these.
Organized Crime
Prohibition lead to the rise of gangs that competed to distribute liquor. Captured criminals were rare and convictions even rarer since gangsters often provided false alibis for each other. Gangs moved into prostitution, gambling and narcotics.
Al Capone
An infamous gangster that was a booze distributor. Was finally caught for tax evasion.
Fundamentalism
Devoted religionists against Darwinisn because it destroyed faith in God.
Billy Sunday
American fundamentalist minister that used language and sermons drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical/progressive groups.
Aimee McPherson
Glamorous, fundamentalist preacher was a evangelist and media sensation.
The Scopes Trial
John T. Scopes, a high school teacher, was charged with teaching evolution. The result was that evolution was banned from being taught but many people became aware of it through the trial.
Clarence Darrow
The attorney that supported the teacher in the Scopes Trial. He made William J. Bryan sound stupid.
Advertising
Used persuasion, ply, seduction and sex appeal to sell merchandise.
Open Shop Laws
An Open Shop is a bargaining unit in a company at which workers are represented by a union, but the workers aren’t required to pay the union dues or service fees for representation which the union is nevertheless legally obligated to provide.
Henry Ford & the Model T
Ford created the Model T which were the first cars in the price range of a normal American.
Assembly Line
Perfected by Ford, this caused an automobile to finish a car every ten second.
The Wright Brothers
Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the first airplane for 12 seconds over a distance of 120 feet in NC. Aviation took after a bit after WWI and it took off after it became used for mail and other functions. Later, safety improved.
Charles Lindbergh
The first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean from NY to Paris.
The Golden Age of Radio
In November of 1920, the first voice-carrying radio station began broadcasting and told of Harding’s landslide victory. The radio began locally broadcasting to worldwide.
The Golden Age of Sports
Sports were stimulated by the emergence of the radio.
Hollywood
In California this city became a hot spot for movie production due to its favorable climate and landscape.
Movies/Movie Stars
The Great Train Robbery started the real birth of the movie. The first full-length feature was the Birth of a Nation which stunned visually but glorified the KK and the Reconstruction Era. Movie Stars made very high salaries, sometimes more that the President.
Status of Women’s Movement
Women were voting and began working in the cities.
League of Women Voters
A nonpartisan political organization, developed in 1920 to improve our systems of government and impact public policies through citizen education and advocacy. Its basic purpose is to make democracy work for all citizens.
Margaret Sanger
Lead the Birth Control Movement with contraceptives and planned parenthood.
Equal Rights Amendment
The National Women’s Party began to campaign for this. It never passed.
The New Morality/The New Woman
The idea of the independent, educated career woman arose. A new sexual freedom arose as well.
Flappers
Carefree young women with shorter dresses and looser morals.
Gertrude Stein
A writer who coined the term a “Lost generation” because of the disillusionment after the war.
“The Lost Generation”
Writers int eh 1920s that scored religion as hypocritical and condemned sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests.
H.L. Mencken
Wrote the monthly American Mercury and found fault in much of America.
Sinclair Lewis
A journalist that wrote Main Street and Babbitt. He was the master of satire.
George Gershwin
A US Composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for classical comedies.
The Jazz Age
A name referring to the 1920s, it emerged from the African American community and the rise of jazz.
Louis Armstrong
A jazz musician known for his skill on the comet and the trumpet.
Duke Ellington
A Grammy-winning jazz pianist, composer and orchestra leader.
“Jelly Roll” Morton
Gave birth to the bee-bopping sound of the music of the flappers.
Marcus Garvey & The United Negro Improvement Association
Founder of the United Negro Improvement Association and inspiration for the Nation of Islam. He promoted relocation of African Americans to the African homeland.
F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Fitzgerald
Wrote This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby both of which captured the jazz age. Zelda was his wife; a flapper who challenged traditional values.
Ernest Hemingway
Wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms a became a voice for the “Lost Generation”.
Wiliam Faulkner
Wrote Soldier’s Play, The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying; stunning with his use of choppy stream of consciousness.
Eugene O’Neill
Wrote plays like Strange Interlude that laid bare human emotions.
Harlem Renaissance
An outpour of creativity from Harlem. They argued for a New Negro.
Langston Hughes
A poet that inspired black pride.
Countee Cullen
A poet and writer in the Harlem renaissance.
Zora Neal Hurston
A writer part of the black, cultural Renaissance.
Paul Robeson
NFL-pro; also a scholar, lawyer, singer, actor and political activist; long-tainted by Communist sympathies
“New Negro”
A black person with full citizenship and equal to whites.
Bull Market
This term describes a situation in which the value of stocks is rising quickly. In the 1920s the stock market’s stellar rise made headline news and encouraged investors. This rise was due to boom or bust trading and encouraged rags to riches Americans.
Andrew Mellon
The Secretary of the Treasury who reduced the amount of taxes that rich people have to pay. He reduced national debt but indirectly encouraged the bull market because if he had absorbed more in income tax there would be less for frenzied speculation.
Election of 1920 & “Back to Normalcy”
Warren G. Harding, the republican candidate ended up winning against James Cox, the democratic candidate. Harding preached “return to normalcy”. There were issue of WWI, the post-war economy, and the League of Nations.
Warren G. Harding
Tall, handsome and popular. He had a mediocre mind and didn’t like to hurt people’s feelings. He couldn’t detect corruption within his administration.
The “Ohio Gang”
Poker-playing cronies from Harding’s native state who contributed to the morally loose atmosphere in his administration.
Harry M. Daugherty
A scandalous cabinet member who took over as attorney general. Shared Harding’s pro-business bias. He clamped on strikers in one of the most weeping injunctions in history.
Washington Naval Conference
Form 1921-1922, this resulted in a plant that kept 5:5:3 ratio of ships that could be held by the US< Britain and Japan (in that order).
The 4-Power Treaty
Bound Britain, japans and France and the US to preserve the Status quo in the pacific.
The 5-Power Treaty
Embodied ideas on ship ratios but only after Japanese received compensation.
The 9-Power Treaty
Kept the open door open in China.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact
Denounced war as a means to end conflict. It was largely symbolic.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Businessmen didn’t want Europe to flood American markets with cheap goods after the war. This raised taxes from 27% to 35%.
Chales Forbes
He was apart of the Harding Administration, he was caught stealing about $200 Million from the Veterans Bureau.
Teapot Dome Scandal & Albert B. Fall
The most shocking corruption, Fall leased navy land with oil reserves to to oilmen. Fall received a loan of $100,000 from the oilmen.
Calvin Coolidge
Republican, morally clean and untouched by Harding’s corruption. He supported big business by not regulating it and vetoed legislation that would have helped farmers.
Capper-Volstead Act
It exempted farmers marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution. Vetoed by Coolidge.
McNary-Haugen Bill
Sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy surpluses and sell them abroad. Coolidge vetoed.
1924 Democratic Convention
Chose John W. Davis as the Democratic Candidate. They came one vote away from condemning the KKK.
Election of 1924
Election between Republican Calvin Coolidge, Democrat John Davis and Progressive Robert LaFolette; Coolidge won but LaFolette received 5 million votes.
The Dawes Plan
A rescheduling of German reparation payments and gave away for further American private loans to Germany.
