unit 9 Flashcards
used new methods of crossbreeding as well as new fertilizers and irrigation techniques to produce more resistant varieties of grains (that would yield more produce)
green revolution
● Communication: leads to the faster spread of information and culture to more people around the world.
○ Ex. videos uploaded to the internet have impacted movements around the world (like Arab Spring)
● Transportation: leads to more migration of people and goods; easier trade and connection to other locations
● More productive crops resistant to pests and drought have led to increase in availability of certain grains (which impacts population)
● More energy means more productivity
● Cleaner energies like wind and solar can help alleviate environmental concerns
● Antibiotics saved several soldiers in WWII and began to he;p fight illnesses in civilians
● Due to birth control, fertility rates declined worldwide (women having less children)
● Birth control has also led to the reshaping of gender roles, impacting society
● Due to vaccines, many diseases (polio and measles) are more rare, smallpox essentially eradicated (1980s), others now prevented leading to the prevention of an estimated 3 million deaths in the 21st century
impact of globalization
● Communication: question of reliability of information
● With more connectivity are we becoming “one global culture”
● Small farmers lose land due to expensive prices of fertilizers; larger farming groups take over
● Fewer jobs in agriculture due to new mechanical equipment
● Environmental damage (see more in next section)
○ Soil due to chemicals/deforestation
○ Pollinators (like bumbly bees) due to pesticides and new crops with less pollen
● Fossil fuels contribute to environmental issues like air pollution and climate change
● Nuclear power can also have dangerous consequences when waste is not stored correctly or reactors have accidents
● Thus far only 5% of energy consumption comes from nuclear energy, another 5% from solar power
● Environmental damage (see more in next section)
limitations of globalization
● Deforestation: loss of trees due to cutting down land for agriculture
● Desertification: overuse of agriculture and removal of natural vegetation in arid lands
● Air and water pollution: decline in quality of air due to pollution
● Increased consumption: of water and resources
environment changes
● Population Growth and Agriculture: more people means more demand for food, which means more crops
○ This means more deforestation, soil erosion, and decline of habitats for animals and people
○ How many people, you say? Take a look at the changing world population:
■ 1900 - 1.6 billion; 1950 - 2.55 billion; 2000 - 6.12 billion
● Population Growth and Urbanization: more cities and larger cities have led to more waste and pollution
● Globalization and Industrialization: as more energy is needed to produce goods, more resources are depleted and pollution is increased
causes of enviornmental changes
● Resource Depletion: since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels are rapidly depleting and could be used up in the next 30-40 years
● Inequality/Scarcity of Resources: pollution of and increased consumption of water leads to shortages, especially in lower income regions
○ WHO predicts that by 2025 over 1/2 of the world’s population will lack clean water due to increased scarcity of clean/safe water
○ Since low income regions depend on women/children to collect water, this leads to lack of time in education, skill development, or in income centered jobs (which has impacted gender roles and continued to reinforce the gap between developing and developed nations)
● Changes to Atmosphere: increase in greenhouse gases from factories, cars, airplanes, and industrialization
● New Energy Sources: new renewable energy like wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal power have become more popular. At first they were too expensive, but as technologies have developed and become more readily available, more companies and countries invest in them. By 2050, maybe half the world’s electricity will be from wind and solar power!
effects of enviornmental chanegs
opening up of economies (nod to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher and free markets);
○ Led some corporations to move where wages, taxes, and regulations were cheaper or fewer; rise in labor exploitation and damage to environment
○ Ex. Chile (August Pinochet 1974-1990; violent tactics yet opened up free-market)
○ Ex. China (Deng Xiaoping 1981 opened up China to more economic reforms like replacing communes with peasant least lands, allowing factories more control over production, more private business in Shanghai)
Economic liberlization
focus on information, creation, spread of knowledge to increase economic success
○ Ex. Finland (resources into research, education, innovation; built success on mobile phones and software)
○ Ex. Japan (increased exports/decreased imports, high emphasis on education and growth in technological developments)
○ Ex. Asian Tigers: other countries who focused on government-business partnerships and intense education (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan)
knowledge economics
a corporation legally incorporated in one country but sells (or makes) its product in others.
○ Ex. Go wayyy back to joint stock companies (British East India Co)
○ Ex. Microsoft, Google, Mahindra & Mahindra, Nestle
■ Mahindra & Mahindra is based in India, and has been awarded for its responsible practices - it is considered the “most trusted business in India”
■ Nestle is a Swiss based company, and is known for buying cocoa from suppliers that use child labor; however it also is investing in research aimed at better environmental practices and agricultural training
mulit national corporations
● Universal Declaration of Human Rights: basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings (UN)
● Human Rights Initiatives: the UN focuses on protecting people of all backgrounds (ex. UNICEF - United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
● International Court of Justice: judicial body set up to negotiate disputes over international law; also deals with border disputes and treaty violations
● UNHCR and NGOs : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and non-governmental organizations work to protect refugees and give help in the form of food, medicine, and shelter
● Global Feminism: focuses on outlining rights and providing equal opportunities (ex. 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discimination Against Women: right to vote, hold office, choose spouse, education, family planning)
● Cultural/Religious Movements: securing rights for those of various religions and groups (ex. Negritude and its focus on “blackness”/self-determination)
era of rights
● Moving away from competition via imperialism or Cold War, there is now more cooperation through regional organizations (ex. UN)
politcal changes due to globalization
● People are now more connected - even if virtually so, leading to more conversation and more voices within the discussion on everything from rights, to the environment, to which are the best cat memes
social changes due to globalzation
● Global Brands: some companies become multinational (ex. Apple, Nike, Rolex, Toyota, Amazon, Coca Cola)
● Online Commerce: trade is easier than ever, where you can buy goods from other countries easily
economic changes due to globalization
● Popular Culture (1920s): culture of everyday peoples, not just the wealthy; spreads through radio and TV
○ Americanization: more people learn about American culture; some resent it, viewing the US as “throwaway culture” of waste and pollution
○ English language also spreads rapidly
culutral changes due to globalzation
○ Harlem Renaissance: rebirth of black artistic expression, ex. Jazz
○ Bollywood: blend of film styles in India (they make more films than any other country)
○ Anime: hand-drawn animation in the Japanese style; 60% of animated TV shows were based on anime in 2016
○ Reggae: Jamaican music blending New Orleans jazz with mento
○ K-pop: artists whose songs are a mixture of Korean and English, led to more popularity for South Korean goods
○ Social Media: new format of communication through means such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.
■ Has led to inspiration and movements for reform, but also is easy to manipulate leading to current debate over usage
■ Some countries limit/ban social media (ex. China) although it allows its own censored platforms
arts/comunication changes
