unit 6 Flashcards
establishing overseas empires through military, political, economic, cultural influence, driven by the following causes
imperialism
adaptation of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, used the “survival of the fittest” theory to argue that countries in power were justified in taking over colonies because they were stronger than the colonies
social Darwinism
have control of several parts, usually incorporating diplomacy and warfare as well as economic influence.
● Egypt: Britain seized control in 1882 from Ottoman Empire to stabilize unrest and keep control of the Suez Canal
● West Africa: several colonies before the 19th century established here, where they spread education, English, Christianity (ex. Sierra Leone, Gold Coast)
British in Africa
established settler colony in Algeria, trading posts in Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Niger to compete with British West African colonies
the French in Africa
led Britain to drive the French out of India and install East India Company, which begins to give Britain influence there. What starts out as a small force protecting employees expanded to an army including recruited Indian soldiers, called sepoys, and more British power.
seven years war
areas of exclusive trading rights and access to resources carved out for various European nations
spheres of influence (china)
made imperialism easier, was a failed uprising against the Qing Dynasty that weakened China
Taipiing rebellion (China)
ani=imperialist group that killed Chinese Christians and Western missionaries, was encouraged by empress; humiliating defeat for empress and Qing Dynasty
boxer rebellion
● Cherokee Nation: in the US, tried to assimilate to white settler culture (even creating their own constitution) but were forced off land with Indian Removal Act (1830)
● Ghost Dance: in northwestern US about 1869, movement with rituals of dances and songs conducted to bring back the dead and drive out the whites; ended at Wounded Knee Massacre
● Tupac Amaru II: in southern Peru, descendant from last Inca ruler (Tupac Amaru) executed a colonial administer, leading to revolts against Spain; ends when he and his family are executed
Resistance to imperalisim in the Americas
rebellions against the British
● Indian Rebellion of 1857/Sepoy Mutiny: sepoys were furious at what they saw as an attempt to convert them (mostly Hindu and Muslim) to Christianity through use of rifle cartridgges greased with mixture of cow and pig fat; led vuolent uprising that spread. While Britain crushes the rebellion and kills thousands, it leads to beginning of Indian nationalism.
● Indian National Congress: British educated Indians established this as a forum to air grievances to the colonial government, evolves into forum calling for self-rule
resistance to imperialism in south Asia
almost all of SE Asia under control of Spanish, Dutch, British, and French
● Vietnam: resists colonization in many ways: criticizing the French, hiding the Vietnamese emperor
● Philippines: as previously mentioned, Propaganda Wars led to rebellion against Spanish control, death of Jose Rizal (reform leader), and led to all out fighting in the Philippine Revolution. At this time, the Spanish-American War is also going on and ends with Treaty of Paris. Philippines expected independence from US, but the treaty gave control to Philippines to the US instead, leading to the Philippine-American War. Philippines remained US possession until 1946.
resistance to imperialism in south east asia
rebellion takes longer to break out than in India
● Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement: in South Africa, the Xhosa people fought against the British. They killed their cattle and destroyed their crops, thinking that spirits would react and kick the BRitish out. Famine resulted instead, killing thousands, and the British remained.
● Anglo-Zulu War: at first in favor of the Zulus in the Zulu Kingdom of South Africa. Eventually defeated by the British and lands become part of South Africa (colony)
resistance to imperialism in Africa
railroads (transports raw materials, modernzie colonies), steamships (longer travel and new refigeration), telegraph
tech developments
replace subsistence farming in many areas. These are crops grown for commercial value, not for local use by those who grew them. Includes: tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, coffee, etc.
○ Meat also is high in demand leading to production in ranches
○ Guano (poop!) is also in demand from bats and seabirds because it is an excellent fertilizer
cash crops
many European citizens lived in their empire’s colonies. Many for the British Empire were sent to Canada, South Africa, Australia, etc. In the case of Britain, these were members of the Colonial Service, those who managed plantations, colonial enterprises, or were British officers, soldiers, or government officials.
migration to settler colonies
