unit 7

Question 1

under Vladmir Lenin seize power and set up communist government. First example of communists running large country; western world views this as a threat to their own governments.

Answer 1

Bolsheviks

Question 2

industrialization led to ability for nations to mass produce weapons with interchangeable parts and more effective damage; also building larger armies)
○ Seen specifically in: chemical weapons, tanks, planes, artillery weapons, grenades, machine guns

Answer 2

militarlism

Question 3

countries begin fostering relationships with others to ensure that if they are attacked they have support)
○ Seen specifically in:
■ Triple Alliance/Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy in the beginning, Ottoman Empire)
■ Triple Entente/Allies (Britain, France, Russia in the beginning, Italy later on, US later on, Japan, China)

Answer 3

Alliances

Question 4

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy in the beginning, Ottoman Empire

Answer 4

tripple alliance/central powers

Question 5

Britain, France, Russia in the beginning, Italy later on, US later on, Japan, China)

Answer 5

triple entente/allies

Question 6

(competition over colonization, resources, spread of culture)
○ Seen specifically in: colonies colonies colonieeeeees

Answer 6

imperialism

Question 7

(extreme pride in culture/national identity)
○ Seen specifically in: propaganda, which adds fuel to the fire and makes this not only a total war but a global war

Answer 7

nationalisim

Question 8

Franz Ferdinand is the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, which has ruled over Bosnia since it took it from Serbia. He is on a visit to foster loyalty and spread the message he will be a better leader than his uncle, currently in charge. The BLACK HAND, a Serbian nationalist group, wants Bosnia back, and plans to kill him.

Answer 8

WHY the assiantion sparked wwI

Question 9

○ Big Four (Woodrow Wilson of the US, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy) have different ideas on how to settle peace
■ Woodrow Wilson = Peace without Victory (no one should be punished severely), Fourteen Points (included League of Nations, self-determination of colonies)
■ Georges Clemenceau = severe reparations needed (due to the suffering France went through, wanted to be protected from Germany)
○ Russia was not invited due to their revolution, and Italy walked out due to being denied Dalmatia and other territories they were promised
○ Major decisions:
■ Self-determination of colonies mostly ignored, except in some European instances
■ Treaty of Versailles signed
■ League of Nations created (though the US voted not to join)

Answer 9

WWI ends with the paris peace confrence and treaty of versailles

Question 10

○ Forced Germany to accept the blame for WWI (called the Guilt Clause)
○ Forced Germany to pay billions of dollars of reparations for damages caused by the war (they paid the last installment in 2010)
○ Forced Germany to give up its colonies
○ Forced germany to restrict its military and navy

Answer 10

treaty of versailles

Question 11

● 1920s -Germany prints money to deal with reparations and the Great Depression but causes inflation
● 1920s -France and Britain have issues paying their war debts to the US due to Germany’s struggles to pay them
● 1920s- Russia flat out refused to pay prerevolutionary debts (since it’s now a new government, it argues debts are not inherited)

Answer 11

build up to the great depression

Question 12

● Germany arguably suffers the most, what with inflation, reparations, and bank failures
● Africa, Asia, Latin American economies suffer as they rely on imperial nations (if the US, for instance, or Britain are having issues with their economies, think how it impacts colonies)
● Japan relies on foreign trade, so it suffers as well
● Even victors of WWI suffer, and this is coupled with trying to rebuild war-torn cities
● By 1932, more than 30 million people worldwide were unemployed

Answer 12

impact of the great depression

Question 13

argued by John Maynard Keynes, rejected laissez faire in favor of government intervention
○ Said it would fix the economy if governments enacted policies like deficit spending (spending more than the government has) to stimulate the economy, cutting taxes, increasing spending of consumers by getting them back to work/into jobs

Answer 13

Policy to fix great depression (Keynesian exonomics)

Question 14

used by Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his administration, essentially using Keynesian Economics in the US with a few specific additions:
○ New policies and programs to bring the 3 Rs (relief, recovery, reform)
■ Relief for citizens suffering: poor, unemployed, farmers, minorities, women
■ Recovery to bring the nation out of the Great Depression through government spending
■ Reform to change government policies to prevent this from happening again

Answer 14

policies to fix great depression (New deal)

Question 15

used by Japan and ended up revitalizing economy rapidly
○ Government lowered the value of its money in relation to other currencies, making Japanese products cheaper than other imports; this led to more trade and more money coming in
○ Japan also expanded its military, and spending on such goods also stimulated the economy

Answer 15

polices to fix the great depression (Devaluing currency)

Question 16

○ Even though Italy on winning side of WWI, neglected at Paris Peace Conference
■ Parliament overtaken by Mussolini and his fascist allies, he becomes dictator and controls all parts of Italian society

○ Traits of fascism in Italy/with Mussolini
■ Glorified militarism, brute force, intense nationalism called hypernationalism
■ Based his state on the notion that sectors of the economy were separate organs of the same body (corporatism) and must support the whole
■ Pushed for imperialism in Africa
■ Totalitarian state - government controlled all aspects of society

Answer 16

Fascism with Italy/Mussolini

Question 17

○ Two opposing ideologies fight in the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s
■ Republicans/Loyalists/Popular Front: left-wing parties focused on land reform (peasants and radicals support)
● Some USSR, British, US, French support from civilian volunteers
■ Nationalists/Conservative forces: Catholic Church, high ranking militia who were opposed to changes, led by Francisco Franco
● Supported by Germany, Italy, Portugal
○ Franco Wins
■ Defeats the loyalist army and rules Spain as a dictator until 1975
■ Leads Spain to remain neutral during WWII, yet still offer some help to Germany, Italy, and Japan

Answer 17

Facsism in spain

Question 18

○ Getulio Vargas takes over as president during a bloodless coup (illegal seizure of power) in 1930
○ This was due to discontent over economic issues during Great Depression
○ While many thought he was pro-democracy and gave him support, he acted like Mussolini
■ Took away individual political freedoms, censored press, abolished political parties, imprisoned political opponents, hypernationalism
■ Oddly enough, sided with the Allies in WWII, which helped it look less like a dictatorship; leads to push for more democracy by citizens after WWII

Answer 18

Brazil fascisim

Question 19

established through the League of Nations, determined that colonies and territories of the Central Powers would be taken by the Allies

● France and Britain gain Cameroon
● Japan gains German islands in Western Pacific
● League of Nations (mostly France/Britain) mandates also included many areas in the Middle East - Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq
○ Leads to Pan-Arabism: movement/ideology calling for unification of all North African and Middle Eastern lands

Answer 19

anti colonialism and the mandate system (mandate system)

Question 20

1917 statement by British, said Palestine should be permanent home for Jews of Europe
● Supporters known as Zionists
● Led to conflict and mass migration of European Jews to British controlled Palestine

Answer 20

anti colonialism and the mandate system (Balfour Declaration)

Question 21

formed in late 19th century to represent interests of India/discuss issues with Britain
● After WWI, becomes renewed voice for independence

Answer 21

Anti colonialisim in south asia (Indian national congress)

Question 22

1919 group of Indian nationalists gathered in a public garden to protest the jailing of two freedom fighters during a Sikh festival
● Though peaceful, public gatherings were outlawed by British, armed soldiers shot into the crowd
● 379 injured, 1200 wounded
● Convinced many to fight for independence from British

Answer 22

Anti colonialisim in south asia (Massacre at Amritsar)

Question 23

encouraged civil disobedience; Indians to break unjust laws and reveal the injustices of the British empire to the international community
● Known also as Mahatma
● Homespun Movement
● Salt March

Answer 23

anti colonialisim in south asia (Gandhi)

Question 24

● March First Movement: series of protests involving 2 million Koreans after Europe supported Japanese expansion in East Asia; led to death of several thousand Koreans by Japanese.

Answer 24

nationalism in Korea (east asia)

Question 25

● May Fourth Movement: Chinese protest against Western-Style government, especially after Europe supports Japanese expansion in East Asia. Led many leaders to turn to Marxist ideology

● Two parties vie for power:
Chinese Communist Party (led by Mao Zedong)
Kuomintang/Nationalist Party (led by Chiang Kai Shek)

Answer 25

nationailsim in China (east asia)

Question 26

Empty promises of WWI lead to push for independence by European- educated African leaders. They began to recognize racial discrimination and the impact of the colonizers as they studied or worked for colonial governments, and pushed for decolonization.

● Jomo Kenyatta: future leader of Kenya, studied in London
● Leopold Senghor: future leader of Senegal, studied in Paris

Answer 26

anti colonialism in Africa

Question 27

due to the embarrassment of the TOV and hardship of the Great Depression, many called for the end of the Weimar Republic and the rise of a new party promising to fix these issues
● Hitler promised to fix the economy, reclaim lost territory, strengthen military, and bring back national pride
● His policies also led to extreme manipulation and control of his people, such as outlawing political parties, creating secret police, and advancing oppressive views and policies against Jews (anti-Semitism)

Answer 27

causes of wwII (Nazis)

Question 28

Hitler is able to conquer a large amount of territory unchecked due to the Munich Agreement, where Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in return for promising to stop expansion efforts

Answer 28

causes of WWII (Appeasement)

Question 29

mobilizing all levels of one’s society to contribute to the war effort
○ Economics: restructuring of economy to a wartime economy (ex. Changes in factory production)
○ Society: women working jobs previously held by men, increased production of propaganda to increase nationalism
○ Rationing: saving food/resources for soldiers
○ Political: temporary changes to law (ex. Sedition Acts)
○ Conscription: drafting of citizens for fighting

Answer 29

total war

Question 30

German fighting style in Western Europe, also called lightning war. Characterized by swift attack and destruction through use of tanks, ground troops, and airplanes.

Answer 30

blitzkreig

Question 31

● Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan (also USSR but they switch sides)
○ Rome-Berlin Axis (Italy and Germany’s military pact)
○ Anti-Comintern Pact (Japan and Germany military pact)
○ German-Soview Nonaggression Pact (USSR and German pact - of lies! Ends when Germany invades USSR)

● Allies: Britain, France (also US and USSR later), China
○ Destroyers for Bases Agreement: when neutral, the US supported the British by giving them 50 destroyers in return for 8 British air and naval bases
○ Lend-Lease Act: though still not entering into the war, the US lends war materials to Britain
○ Atlantic Charter: Britain and the US goals for a post-war world including self-government, abandonment of use of force, disarmament of aggressor nations
● Key People:
○ Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Emperor Hirohito
○ Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Dwight Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur

Answer 31

key factors of WWII

Question 32

Britain withstood months of air raids conducted by Germany’s Luftwaffe (air force); Germany’s goal was to weaken Britain by first targeting military bases, then focusing on cities like London. This would then allow them to invade the island, if successful.

○ Result: Point for Britain! Winston Churchill calls it Britains “finest hour” as they withstand the attacks; focus on cities allows military bases to rebuild; radar and British air force able to destroy German planes and postpone a German invasion

Answer 32

1940 battle of britian

Question 33

Germany attacks the USSR to create Lebensraum (living space for Germany) and eliminate the Bolsheviks. Successful at first in taking Russian territory until winter sets in (never invade Russia in the winter unless you’re the Mongols) and the Soviets defend Leningrad for three years against German forces.
○ Result: Point for USSR! USSR switches to the Allies. Sadly the three years of fighting led to the deaths of a million Soviet men, women, and children, however.

Answer 33

1941 siege of lenigrad

Question 34

Japan launches a surprise attack on the US naval base (located in Hawaii). The US at this point was still technically isolationist, yet had enacted economic sanctions on Japan for aggressive expansion in the Pacific (where the US had interest, especially in Philippines). Japan thought that a surprise attack would 1) keep the US out of the war by destroying the will and means to fight, 2) lead to the US eliminating sanctions.
○ Result: The US declared war on Japan, Germany then declares war on the US.

Answer 34

1941 pearl harbor

Question 35

150,000 Allied forces launch an amphibious invasion of the French coast from England. With high cost/casualty, they land on the beaches of Normandy as well as paratroop behind the enemy line; they establish a base and begin the campaign to liberate France from German control.

Answer 35

1944 d-day

Question 36

● Massive Destruction in Europe leads to the US and USSR to rise as superpowers
● Socially, women gain more influence and rights in various regions due to their various roles in WWII
● Germany split into 4 regions
● Colonies begin once again pushing for self-determination
● Genocide is now acknowledged, word first used in 1944
● Tensions mount and ultimately lead to the start of the Cold War between the US and USSR

Answer 36

impacts after WWII

Question 37

● Systematic removal and elimination of those seen as unfit to live in Hitler’s Third Reich; included opponents, people with disabilities, homosexuals, Poles, Roma, and especially those of Jewish heritage
○ 6 million Jews died, 5 million other of persecuted groups died
● Steps taken that led to genocide:
○ Nuremberg Laws: oppressive set of laws that banned Jews from certain professions (like journalism, politics, medicine) and took away citizenship from Jewish Germans
○ Ghettos: walled sections of cities where Jews were relocated until usually being moved to concentration camps; conditions were terrible as they lacked food, medicine
○ Concentration Camps: also known as death camps, first used as labor camps and transitioned to killing with enactment of Final Solution; examples are Auschwitz, Treblinka, and Dachau
○ Final Solution: plan to kill all Jews in Europe as well as other persecuted groups; led to use of gas chambers at death camps as well as mobile killing squads through Europe

Answer 37

Holocaust